Bio exam 2025 (TO KNOW, EXTRA PRACTICE)

what are the symbols for pedigrees?

circle- female

square- male

shaded- affected

how do you name an organism?

Genus + species

• all in latin and italics

  • genus is capitalized species is lowercase

what are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria

1) cocci

2) bacilli

3) spirilla

ways of movement for bacteria

• flagella

• lash or snaking

• glide over slime

what are living characteristics of viruses

• can reproduce

• ca mutate or change

  • have DNA or RNA

what are non-living characteristics of viruses

• non-cellular

• have no metabolism

• can be crystallized and stored indefinitely

what is the difference between the 2 virus reproductive cycles?

the lytic cycle harms the bacteria while the lysogenic cycle does not

what are the steps for the lytic cycle

1- attachment, the virus attaches to host cell

2- entry, virus injects DNA into host cell

3- synthesis, host cell begins to manufacture viral parts

4- assembly, viral parts are assembled

5- release, cell bursts releasing 100s of viruses

describe the path air takes as it travels through the lungs

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

what are the phases of the cardiac cycle

atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole, atrial diastole

what are accessory organs in the digestive system?

accessory organs are organs that aid in the digestion process, but food doesn’t pass through them directly.

what are the steps of hemostasis

• blood vessel undergoes vasospasm

• platelets form temporary plug

• clotting factors stimulate prothrombin, CA ions create thrombin

• thrombin activates fibrinogen, CA ions create fibrin

• fibrin creates mesh net that traps RBCS and platelets around the wound

• blood clot hardens and seals wound

in DNA formation, what are the nitrogenous bases?

adenine —> thymine, guanine —> cytosine

in RNA formation, what are the nitrogenous bases

guanine —> cytosine, adenine —> uracil, and thymine —> adenine

what are the 4 events of respiration

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration

what is the sequence of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibers

what is the sequence of the heart blood flow

heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, heart

what enzymes are in pancreatic juice

amylase (carbohydrates), lipase (fats), trypsin (protein)

what are the major nutrient categories

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water

what are the parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what are the parts of the large intestine

cecum. appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending), rectum, anus

what is homeostasis? how does is relate to exercise?

how your body keeps its balance. more O2 is needed throughout your body during exercise, therefore heartrate goes up