Ch. 32 Pancreatic Hormones and Treatment of DM

The islet cells within the pancreas synthesize and secrete

insulin and glucagon

Insulin and glucagon regulate ___ and aspects of energy ____

glucose; metabolism

Diabetes Mellitus causes insufficient ____ or decreased _____

insulin secretion; peripheral sensitivity

What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus caused by?

Absolute deficiency of insulin; total destruction of pancreatic beta cells

What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus caused by?

Decrease sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin combined with abnormal insulin release

What are some diabetes causes?

Kidney damage
Increased use of fat and protein causing ketosis
Peripheral neuropathies

What is rapid acting insulins via biosynthetic techniques

Resemble humans insulin and given immediately before/after a meal

What are Long-Acting Insulins?

Insulin that has a specific amino acid and fatty acid added to the molecule

True or False: Combination of long and short acting insulin can be done by either taking two medications or a combo injection

True

What is the administration for Insulin?

Subcutaneous or IV infusion

Insulin dosing is adjusted for many factors such as

Disease stage
Presence of exercise
Specific dietary requirements

What is the primary adverse effect of Insulin?

Hypoglycemia

True or False: Strenuous physical activity may promote hyperglycemia during insulin therapy

False; hypoglycemia

How can hypoglycemia be reversed in the early stages?

Ingest foods containing glucose

What are some initial symptoms of Hypoglycemia?

Headache
Fatigue
Hunger
Tachycardia
Sweating
Anxiety
Confusion

Primary Agents in Type 2 Diabetes are drugs that stimulate

insulin secretion and supply

Insulin sensitizers for Type 2 Diabetes work by

increasing sensitivity of peripheral tissues

Antidiabetics for Type 2 Diabetes work by

increasing sugar breakdown
Increase glucose excretion
Suppressing glucagon excretion

What are some Non-pharmacological interventions in Diabetes Mellitus?

Dietary Management and Weight Reduction
Exercise
Tissue Transplants, stem cells or gene therapy

What is the main special concern for rehab patients?

Hypoglycemia!!!

What is the main rehab concern related to Hypoglycemia?

Regular dietary schedule and have not skipped a meal prior to therapy

What are some other special concerns for rehab?

Peripheral neuropathy
Glucose on hand
Encourage non-pharmacological management
Prevent foot ulcers and infection