B2

Digestive enzymes

convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Viruses

living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.

Digestive enzymes

convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Viruses

living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.

Statins

can sometimes cause negative side effects like headaches.

Amylase

is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.

Cancer

is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division.

Risk factors

are linked to an increased rate of a disease.

Obesity

- Linked to many different cancers including bowel, liver and kidney cancer.

Surgery

to fit an artificial heart can lead to bleeding and infection.

Coronary arteries

branch off the aorta and surround the heart making sure it gets all the oxygenated blood it needs.

Immune reactions

initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.

Carbon dioxide

diffuses out of the blood (high concentration) into the alveolus (low concentration) to be breathed out.

organ system

The roots, stem and leaves form a plant for transport of substances around the plant.

Lack of platelets

can cause excessive bleeding and bruising.

gas exchange

The role of stomata and guard cells are to control and water loss.

Proteases

break down proteins to amino acids.

Stents

are used to keep the coronary arteries open.

optimum temperature

All enzymes have a(n) they work best at.

Carcinogens

including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.

Spongy mesophyll

- Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells.

products of digestion

The are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

food substances

They transport made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage.

Enzymes

are all large proteins and all proteins are made up of chains of amino acids.

Capillaries

- Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues.

Xylem tubes

take water up.

movement of food

The molecules through phloem tissue is called translocation.

Epidermal tissues

- covers the whole plant.

hollow tubes

It is composed of strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration stream.

mineral ions

They carry water and from the roots to the stem and leaves.

xylem

The and phloem form a network of vascular bundles which deliver water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and take away the glucose produced by photosynthesis.

high pressure

The heart pumps blood out at so the artery walls are strong and elastic.

sponges

The lungs are like and are protected by the ribcage.

Bile

is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

bronchi

The split into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles.

sample

If the contains lipids, the mixture will separate out into two layers.

BRCA

Mutations in the genes have been linked to an increased likelihood of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

Lipases

breaks down lipids and is made in the pancreas and the small instestine.

hydrochloric acid

It is alkaline to neutralise from the stomach.

lipids

Lipases break down to glycerol and fatty acids.

Transpiration

is the loss of water from the plant.

Benign tumours

are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area usually within a membrane.

environmental conditions

The opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells in response to .

Meristem tissue

- found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell allowing the plant to grow.

Phloem tissue transports

dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.

palisade layer

The has lots of chloroplasts which means that they are near the top of the leaf where they can get the most light.

nerve cells

It can damage the in the brain causing the brain to lose volume.

food sample

If the contains a reducing sugar, the solution in the test tube will change from the normal blue colour to green, yellow or brick red depending on the amount of sugar in the food.

effect of alcohol

The on the liver and brain function- Too much alcohol can affect brain function.

system reactions

Immune in the body caused by infection by a pathogen can sometimes trigger allergic reactions such as skin rashes or worsen the symptoms of asthma for asthma sufferers.

The lock and key model

Every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in a reaction

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood to the heart

Capillaries

Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

In body tissues the reverse happens

oxyhaemoglobin splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells

They help the blood to clot at a wound

to stop all your blood pouring out and to stop microorganisms getting in

They can be

aspects of a persons lifestyle, substances in the persons body or environment

Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes

makes the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin meaning that it struggles to control the concentration of glucose in the blood

The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function

Too much alcohol can affect brain function

The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer

It damages the walls of arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs

The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies

Can cause lots of health problems for the unborn baby

The human cost of non communicable disease

tens of millions of people around the world die from non communicable diseases per year

The financial cost of non communicable disease

the cost to the NHS of researching and treating these diseases is huge and it is the same for other health services and organisations around the world

Smoking

Linked to lung cancer but research has also linked it to other types of cancer including mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer

Obesity

Linked to many different cancers including bowel, liver and kidney cancer

UV exposure

People who are often exposed to UV radiation from the sun have an increased chance of developing skin cancer

Viral infection

Infection with some viruses has been shown to increase the chances of developing certain types of cancer

Epidermal tissues

covers the whole plant

Palisade mesophyll

Where most photosynthesis happens

Spongy mesophyll

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

Xylem and phloem

Transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the plant

Meristem tissue

found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell allowing the plant to grow