B2

Digestive enzymes

Digestive enzymes

________ convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Viruses

________ living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.

Statins

________ can sometimes cause negative side effects like headaches.

Amylase

________ is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.

Cancer

________ is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division.

Risk factors

________ are linked to an increased rate of a disease.

Obesity

________- Linked to many different cancers including bowel, liver and kidney cancer.

Surgery

________ to fit an artificial heart can lead to bleeding and infection.

Coronary arteries

________ branch off the aorta and surround the heart making sure it gets all the oxygenated blood it needs.

Immune reactions

________ initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.

Carbon dioxide

________ diffuses out of the blood (high concentration) into the alveolus (low concentration) to be breathed out.

organ system

The roots, stem and leaves form a plant ________ for transport of substances around the plant.

Lack of platelets

________ can cause excessive bleeding and bruising.

gas exchange

The role of stomata and guard cells are to control ________ and water loss.

Proteases

________ break down proteins to amino acids.

Stents

________ are used to keep the coronary arteries open.

optimum temperature

All enzymes have a(n) ________ they work best at.

Carcinogens

________ including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.

Spongy mesophyll

________- Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells.

products of digestion

The ________ are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

food substances

They transport ________ made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage.

Enzymes

________ are all large proteins and all proteins are made up of chains of amino acids.

Capillaries

________- Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues.

Xylem tubes

________ take water up.

movement of food

The ________ molecules through phloem tissue is called translocation.

Epidermal tissues

________- covers the whole plant.

hollow tubes

It is composed of ________ strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration stream.

mineral ions

They carry water and ________ from the roots to the stem and leaves.

xylem

The ________ and phloem form a network of vascular bundles which deliver water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and take away the glucose produced by photosynthesis.

high pressure

The heart pumps blood out at ________ so the artery walls are strong and elastic.

sponges

The lungs are like ________ and are protected by the ribcage.

Bile

________ is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

bronchi

The ________ split into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles.

sample

If the ________ contains lipids, the mixture will separate out into two layers.

BRCA

Mutations in the ________ genes have been linked to an increased likelihood of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

Lipases

________ breaks down lipids and is made in the pancreas and the small instestine.

hydrochloric acid

It is alkaline to neutralise ________ from the stomach.

lipids

Lipases break down ________ to glycerol and fatty acids.

Transpiration

________ is the loss of water from the plant.

Benign tumours

________ are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area usually within a membrane.

environmental conditions

The opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells in response to ________.

Meristem tissue

________- found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell allowing the plant to grow.

Phloem tissue transports

________ dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.

palisade layer

The ________ has lots of chloroplasts which means that they are near the top of the leaf where they can get the most light.

nerve cells

It can damage the ________ in the brain causing the brain to lose volume.

food sample

If the ________ contains a reducing sugar, the solution in the test tube will change from the normal blue colour to green, yellow or brick red depending on the amount of sugar in the food.

effect of alcohol

The ________ on the liver and brain function- Too much alcohol can affect brain function.

system reactions

Immune ________ in the body caused by infection by a pathogen can sometimes trigger allergic reactions such as skin rashes or worsen the symptoms of asthma for asthma sufferers.

The lock and key model

Every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in a reaction

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood to the heart

Capillaries

Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

In body tissues the reverse happens

oxyhaemoglobin splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells

They help the blood to clot at a wound

to stop all your blood pouring out and to stop microorganisms getting in

They can be

aspects of a persons lifestyle, substances in the persons body or environment

Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes

makes the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin meaning that it struggles to control the concentration of glucose in the blood

The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function

Too much alcohol can affect brain function

The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer

It damages the walls of arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs

The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies

Can cause lots of health problems for the unborn baby

The human cost of non communicable disease

tens of millions of people around the world die from non communicable diseases per year

The financial cost of non communicable disease

the cost to the NHS of researching and treating these diseases is huge and it is the same for other health services and organisations around the world

Smoking

Linked to lung cancer but research has also linked it to other types of cancer including mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer

Obesity

Linked to many different cancers including bowel, liver and kidney cancer

UV exposure

People who are often exposed to UV radiation from the sun have an increased chance of developing skin cancer

Viral infection

Infection with some viruses has been shown to increase the chances of developing certain types of cancer

Epidermal tissues

covers the whole plant

Palisade mesophyll

Where most photosynthesis happens

Spongy mesophyll

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

Xylem and phloem

Transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the plant

Meristem tissue

found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell allowing the plant to grow