psychology ocr component 2

Aim milgram

Whether p's would show obedience to authorities figure

Sample milgram

40, self selected, yale uni

Procedure milgram

15v-450v

‘Student shocked’

Findings milgram

65% disobedient, only up till 450v

Conclusions milgram

The situation will effect behavior

Bochiaro aim

Whether to see if p's would blow the whistle on unethical behavior.

Bochiaro sample

149 students, self selected

Bochiaro procedure

P's had to provide names of friends for an unethical study

Then researcher left room and gave p a form to whistle blow

Bochiaro findings

14.1% disobeyed

9.4% blew the whistle

Bochiaro conclusion

People will follow orders even if they’re inethical

Pillaging aim

Investigate helping behavoirs

Piliavin procedure

Train new york

Black or white

Drunk or old fell

Piliavin results

95% helped old

50% helped drunk

Black were helped less

Levine aim

Tendencies of people in different countries to help people

Levine sample

23 cities, opportunity

Levine procedure

Man drop pen

Man with crutches drop newspaper

Blind man cross road

Levine findings

Rio most helpful 93%

Kuala Lumpur least helpful 40%

Levine conclusions

Helping behavior varies between countries, because of cultural and economic factors

Sperry sample

11 participants

Sperry procedure

Visual: shown an image in the l or r visual field

Tactile: objects placed in p hand

Sperry results

Visual: if shown in R they would say they never seen it. LVF they could not name it RVF they could name it

Tactile: right hand can name

Sperry conclusions

Left hemi controls lang

Casey aim

Whether delay of gratification when a child, will predict impulse control when an adult

Casey sample

290 from old study

Casey procedure

Ps we’re told to click when male face, not female.

Faces were either happy or sad (hot task)

Or neutral (cool task)

Casey results

Low delayers made more mistakes 12.2% more clicks

Low delayers had more activity in the ventral striatum

Casey Conclusions

If your bad at resisting as a child, you’ll be bad as an adult

Blakemore and cooper aim

Investigate the development in the primary visual cortex

Blakemore and cooper conclusion

Visual experiences will modify their brains. Environment will determine perception

Maguire aim

See if structural changes can be seen in taxi drivers

Maguire sample

16 taxi drivers, volenteer sample

Maguire results

More volume in the hippocampus

More grey matter in the posterior

Bandura sample

72 kids

Bandura procedure

Children saw model playing aggressively with bobo doll

Children saw model playing non aggressively with other toys

Then we’re taken to room with toys and were allowed to play

Then told to stop

Then put in room with toys for 20 mins

Bandura results

Aggressive model - 13.7 aggressive acts

Non aggressive - 6.7 aggressive acts

Male more aggressive than females

Chaney sample

32 children, random sampling

Chaney results/ conclusion

22% increase in meds taken

Postive reinforcement will influence behvaoir

Moray aim

Study auditory attention

Moray sample

12 p’s

Moray procedure

1) words in left ear, were asked to recall the shadowed words after

2) instructions in left ear, halfwere followed by name

3)numbers either shadowed or presented alone

Moray results

Shadowed 4:9

Name 51%

No name 11%

Moray conclusion

Auditory attention is a limited recourse and only relevant info will break the attentional barrier

Loftus and palmer aim

Investigate the effect of leading questions in eyewitness testimony

Loftus and palmer sample

195 self selected

Loftus and palmer procedure

P's shown video of car crash

Then asked how fast the car was going when it… Smashed, hit, collided, bumped, contacted

Loftus and palmer results

Smashed 40.5 mph

Contacted 31.8 mph

Grant aim

Investigate the effects of context on memory

Grant sample

39, self selected

Grant procedure

P's read an extract on psychoimunology in either silent or loud condition

2 min break

P's did questionnaire in either loud or noisy conditions

Grant results

Matching 14.3

Non Matching 5

Simons and chabris aim

Investigate inattential blindness

Simons and chabris sample

192. Self selected

Simons and chabris procedure

P's shown 2 teams playing basketball

Teams were either filmed separately and superimposed or filmed together

P's were asked to count passes

Gorilla or woman with an umbrella would walk through

Then asked if they saw anything

Simons and chabris results

46% said they didn’t see

Percentage was higher in the harder task

Kohlberg aim

To find evidence to support his 3 level theory

Kohlberg sample

75 American boys over 12 years

Kohlberg procedure

Presented with moral dilemmas in the form of short stories

Then asked structured sentences, about the reasons for the actions in the stories

Kohlberg results

Level 1 obey rules

Level 2 fit in

Level 3 want to see themselves as good

Lee aim

Test the effect of culture on children’s moral evaluation of lying and truth telling

Lee procedure

Children heard either social or physical stories about pro/anti social behaviour

Then we're asked to rate the behavior on a 7 point scale

Freud aim

Document the case of little hans who was suffering from anxiety

Freud procedure

Initial contact with hans was because he was scared of horses, hated little sister, keen interest in widdler and plumber replacing widdler with bigger one

Freud results

Widdler is evidence for the phallic stage

Phobia of horses is castration anxiety

Hans fantasies shows progression

As hans got older phobia cleared

Freud conclusions

Shows evidence for disorders having an unconscious cause and that they can be treated through discussion and analysis

Baron-cohen aim

Find out whether autistic people had deficits in the theory of mind

Baron and cohen sample

76 self selected Aspergers

Baron-cohen procedure

P’s shown picture of person for 3 secs

They had to choose between two emotions

Then had to choose for genders

2) strange stories task: p’s listened to a story where sarcasm was used and then were asked if what was said is true

Baron-cohen results

Normal 20/25

Tourists 20/25

Asperges 16/25

Gould aim

Investigate early intelligence testing

Gould sample

1.75 million

Gould procedure

Alpha test) was written and standardised but had white culture bias

Beta test) designed for illiterate, but had writing

Spoken test) hardly used but fair

Gould findings

Whites had mental age of 13

Black has 10

People blamed mix breeding on low American iq

Gould conclusions

Iq tests are biased

Hancock aim

Investigate the language of psychopaths, and whether it showed a predatory view

Hancock sample

52 men, volunteer

Hancock procedure

P’s took pcl r test

Then took semi structured interview

Transcripts we’re analysed for emotional context

Hancock results

Psychopaths answers are less fluent, more mums

Psychopaths answers more basic needs

Spoke in past tense

Hancock conclusion

Psychopaths see crimes as means to an end,

Detached from consequences