Pediatrics Exam 2 Flashcards

Flashcards for Pediatrics Exam 2, covering Modules 3-5, focusing on mental health, reproductive and genetic disorders, and respiratory conditions.

Indication for Inpatient Psychiatric Therapy in Pediatrics

Immediate risk of harming self or others.

Common types of therapy and medications used in pediatric mental health

Play therapy, art therapy, music therapy, pet therapy, CBT, DBT, antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers.

Indication for Inpatient Psychiatric Therapy in Pediatrics

Immediate risk of harming self or others.

Common types of therapy and medications used in pediatric mental health

Play therapy, art therapy, music therapy, pet therapy, CBT, DBT, antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers.

Learning Disabilities

Neurologically based processing problems interfering with learning basic skills.

Factors involved in learning disabilities

Maternal drug, alcohol and nicotine use, genetics, environmental factors, comorbid ADHD or autism.

Three core symptoms of ADHD

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Interventions for ADHD

Structured routine, extra time for assignments/tests, decrease distractions, counseling, pharmacology (methylphenidate, adderall, vyvanse).

Side effects of ADHD medications like methylphenidate, adderall and vyvanse

Weight loss and insomnia.

MacDonald’s Triad

Bedwetting, cruelty to animals, and pyromania.

Significance of MacDonald's Triad

The precursor to Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Attachment disorder

Disrupted attachments occur when the infant is unable to respond appropriately to a caregiver, when a caregiver does not respond appropriately to an infant, or a combination of both.

Treatment for Attachment Disorder

Safety assessment, emotionally available attachment figure, limiting contact with non-caregiving adults.

SAD FACES - Assessment for Depression

Sleep disturbances, Anhedonia, Despair, Fatigue, Appetite changes, Concentration, Emotional sensitivity, Suicidal ideation.

Priority when dealing with a patient who has depression

Assessing risk for suicide.

Difference between Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD)

ODD feels remorse for actions, CD does not.

Conduct Disorder

Characterized by serious violations of social norms, including aggressive behaviors, destruction of property, and cruelty to animals.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Severe and pervasive developmental impairment in social skills, communication, emotional attachment, or the presence of stereotyped behaviors or activities.

Anorexia Nervosa

Self-starvation, preoccupation with body image and thinness.

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating with or without purging, usually of normal weight.

Russell’s sign

Teeth marks on knuckles from self-induced vomiting.

Compulsive overeating

Addiction to food, does not purge, episodes of uncontrolled binging.

Substance Related Disorders

Recurrent use of substances causing clinical and functional impairments.

Straddle injury

Injury to genitals as the result of a fall over a blunt object in which tissues are compressed between bone and blunt object; lacerations/tears in labia or vulva.

Vulvovaginitis

Inflammation of the vulva and vaginal areas, most common complaint involving the genital area of prepubescent girls.

Bacterial vaginosis

Most common cause of vaginal discharge in postmenarchal adolescents and women of childbearing age, absence of inflammation.

Amenorrhea

No period.

Menorrhagia

Bleeding for more than 7 days.

Phimosis

The inability to retract the foreskin.

Hypospadias

Urethral opening on bottom side of the penis.

Epispadias

Urethral opening on the top side of the penis.

Cryptorchidism

Undescended testis; testes fail to descend into the scrotum.

Varicocele

Painless collection of dilated or enlarged veins within the testes.

Testicular Torsion

Twisting of the testicle causing painful scrotal swelling, n/v, scrotal edema, tenderness and slightly elevated testis, abrupt severe constant pain in scrotum, lower abdomen, groin area.

Inguinal Hernia

Protrusion of any organ or tissue through an abnormal opening in the wall that should contain it.

Incarcerated inguinal hernia

Inability to push herniated tissue back through opening requiring surgical intervention.

Risks for acquiring STIs

Multiple partners, new partners, partners with multiple partners, lack of consistent use of condoms, drug and alcohol use.

Basic Genetic Information human chromosomes

Human cells have a total of 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 complementary pairs.

Trisomy 21/ Down Syndrome

Three copies of chromosome 21.

Signs and symptoms of Trisomy 21/ Down Syndrome

Small head, broad head, flattened nasal bridge, almond shaped, up-slanting eyes, prominent epicanthal folds, small mouth with large protruding tongue, small low set ears, single palmar crease, congenital heart defects, hypotonic.

Turner Syndrome

Result of chromosomal loss of entire X chromosome, only affects females.

Signs and symptoms of Turner Syndrome

Thick, short, webbed neck, short stature, broad chest, wide spaced nipples, nonfunctional ovaries, heart defects, normal intelligence but may have learning disabilities, renal defects, lymphedema, feeding difficulties.

Klinefelter syndrome

Male with an extra X chromosome (XXY).

Signs and symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome

Small testes, gynecomastia, elongated lower limbs.

Signs and symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Growth deficiency, abnormal brain development, sensory, motor, and regulatory behaviors are also affected. Flat midface, Thin upper lip, Small chin (micrognathia), Short, upturned nose, Short palpebral fissures, Prominent epicanthal fold at inner portion of eyes.

Fragile X

Decreased or absent protein on the X chromosome; males show more symptoms.

Signs and symptoms of Fragile X

Long narrow face, prominent jaw and forehead, large protruding ears, high arched palate, loose connective tissue, intellectual disabilities, increased incidence of autism.

Otitis Media

Ear infection; one of the most common childhood illnesses.

Otitis media with effusion

Collection of fluid in middle ear; eardrum is yellow or gray; tinnitus.

Otitis externa

Swimmer's ear; inflammation of external ear canal; tenderness in tragus or pinna; purulent drainage.

Tonsillitis

Sore throat, red tonsils, exudate, snoring, may affect speech.

Post-operative care for Tonsillectomy

Assess for bleeding and continuous swallowing, avoid red foods, dark brown blood expected, frank blood not expected, treat mild pain, may have hoarse voice and be nauseated.

Etiology of Esophageal Atresia (EA)/Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)

Esophagus and trachea fail to split and differentiate.

Signs and symptoms of Esophageal Atresia (EA)/Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)

Respiratory distress, cyanosis during feeds, vomiting, coughing during feeds, abdominal distention, excessive oral secretions.

Signs and symptoms of Croup Syndromes

Seal-like barky cough (worse at night), inspiratory stridor, mild respiratory distress, may be afebrile.

Interventions for Croup Syndromes

Cool mist humidifier for home, increase fluids, may need high flow nasal cannula, oral corticosteroid/ inhaled epinephrine.

Bronchiolitis

Acute inflammation of the bronchioles; usually viral (RSV, rhinovirus, parainfluenza).

Signs and Symptoms of Bronchiolitis

Increased mucus, wheezing and crackles, nasal congestion, apnea, low-grade fever, dry nonproductive cough, tachypnea. Can progress to severe respiratory distress, exhaustion, and respiratory failure.

Interventions for Bronchiolitis

Nebulized hypertonic saline, CPT, postural drainage, hydration and supplemental oxygen, nasopharyngeal or nasal suctioning, humidifier.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Inflammatory process related to underdeveloped lungs and surfactant deficiency; primarily occurs in preterm infants < 34 weeks.

Signs of Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Fine crackles/ diminished breath sounds, chest x-ray will have an appearance of “ground glass” in the lungs.

Interventions for Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Surfactant administration, may need CPAP or mechanical ventilation, respiratory assessment.

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Incomplete diaphragm formation, causing a hole where abd. organs can migrate into the chest; associated with pulmonary hypoplasia (abnormally small lungs) and pulmonary hypertension.

Signs and Symptoms of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Tachypnea, nasal flaring, retractions, cyanosis, tachycardia, irregular chest wall movement, decreased breath sounds on affected side, bowel sounds heard in chest, scaphoid abdomen.

Interventions for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Immediate respiratory support, prepare for surgery.

Cystic Fibrosis

Inherited disorder causing secretion of thick, tenacious mucus that leads to an obstruction of organs.

Signs and symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis

Wheezing, rhonchi, cough, dyspnea, clubbing, barrel chest, cyanosis, fat-soluble deficiencies, fatty stool.

Gold standard diagnostic test for Cystic Fibrosis

Sweat chloride test.

Interventions for Cystic Fibrosis

Treat with nebulizers, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics for pneumonia; antihistamines are contraindicated.

Asthma

Chronic, obstructive inflammation disorder caused by hyper-responsiveness of airways airway edema, narrowing, and mucous production.

Signs and Symptoms of Asthma

Nonproductive cough, SOB described as breathing through a straw, Wheezing (expiratory). Inspiratory and expiratory wheezing usually when asthma exacerbation has worsened

Interventions for Asthma

Oxygen only if necessary, bronchodilators- albuterol is most common (through MDI or nebulizer), prevention of exacerbations.

Bronchopulmonary Disorder

Chronic respiratory disorder in premature infants where the airways (bronchi) are damaged, causing tissue destruction (dysplasia) in the tiny air sacs of the lung (alveoli).

Apnea

Cessation of breathing for >20 seconds or any cessation accompanied by cyanosis, bradycardia, pallor, and hypotonia.

Treatment of choice for Appnea

Noninvasive positive pressure oxygenation and caffeine.

Apparent Life-Threatening Event

Episode of apnea affecting infants younger than 4 months w/ gestational age of 37 wks +; Apnea is accompanied by color change, hypotonia, and choking.

Nursing Interventions for Apparent Life-Threatening Event

Cardiopulmonary monitoring with continuous pulse oximetry, Emotional support for family, Caregiver Education, Use of apnea monitor, Optimal feeding position, Safe sleep practices.