Exams

Which pre-modern views of disease share similarities focusing on bodily imbalance as the cause of illness?

Humors and qi energies

Pre-modern views of disease

Were slowly replaced over time by germ theory

Which religious traditions or states most preserved actual medical knowledge during Europe’s ‘Dark Ages’?

Jewish communities and Muslim scholars and nation-states

The ancient disease most commonly associated with personal moral failure or misdeed was

Leprosy

A person’s belief that they will can better

Can be observed and should be accounted for in scientific studies

Which of the following elements of society has been least impacted by humans’ experiences with disease over time?

Music

Which religious traditions were discussed as examples of how religions have viewed/treated people with leprosy?

Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity

How do sociologists view the interaction of disease and social devleopment?

Disease shape societies and social responses and societies create selective pressures that cause diseases to change and evolve

Which statement below about leprosy is true?

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Leprosy is always a disabling disease, even after treatment.

Stigma around leprosy was common in the past but has been erradicated today.

Leprosy is highly contagious.

In some cultures, stigma leads people with leprosy to hide their illness and delay treatment.

In some cultures, stigma leads people with leprosy to hide their illness and delay treatment.

The main contributing factors that put exposed people at risk of contracting leprosy are

Poor nutrition and inadequate sanitation and having a compromised immune system

The name of the organism that caused the Black Plague is

Yersinia pestis

Which organization was not cited in lecture as working to erradicate leprosy and associated discrimination?

The US National Institute of Health

Untreated bubonic plague

Has a mortality rate of 30-60%

Buboes are

Infected lymph nodes that become extremely swollen

Which of these is not a type of plague contracted by humans?

Pestisic

After the Black Death had passed through some communities, there were

Higher wages for the surviving workers

The Black Death affected our genomes and immune systems in ways that may include

Population level enrichment of a gene encoding the protein ERAP2, a protein involved in pathogen recognition

Public health innovations that occurred during the time of the Black Plague that we still practice include

Development of quarantine procedures

The Third Plague Pandemic was associated with

Global transportation systems out of Asia that facilitated movement of infected people and animals

Plague doctors were

Important for keeping mortality statistics

Yersina pestis has been used as an agent for biologic warfare because it

Can cause severe and rapid disease by inhalation or by the bite of infected fleas

Which theory/tracing method is used to investigate cases of TB today?

Ring Theory

TB’s severity

Makes it the second highest cause fo death worldwide by an infectious agent

What type fo pathogen causes TB?

BacteriaW

hen conducting a contact investigation for an active case of TB who should be tested first?

People who are in their family or live in their house

Public health measures and initiatives such as which below helped reduce the spread of TB?

Free examinations of sputum, home visits for consumptives, reporting of all TB cases, TB patients segregated housing law, nurse required to visit all TB cases

Biologically, M. Tuberculosis is

Long-lasting in the air or on surfaces, able to become latent in a human host, able to travel long distances aerosolized in the environment

In the US today, which of these states does not have comparatively high incidence rates of TB?

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NY

PA

TX

CA

FL

PA

Several ancient cultures experiencing active TB described the illness’s symptoms to what fantastical being?

Vampires

Today TB is treated with

RIPE combination antibiotics

In the late 19th-early 20th centuries, which was the most common treatment for TB?

Sanitariums

What is the biggest threat to treating TB today?

Multi-Drug Resistant strains of TB

Historians and archeologists suspect smallpox first began to infect humans

Tens of thousands of years ago, when humans first began domesticating animals

Variola, the virus which causes smallpox, belong in which virus family?

Poxviridae

Chickenpox and smallpox are

Not related at all

Which form of the smallpox virus is most severe

Variola major

The first commercial vaccine for smallpox that contributed to the disease’s eradication was called

Dryvax

Inoculation refers to

Introducing a microorganism into an environment suitable for growth

The doctor who proved cowpox could confer immunity from smallpox was

Edward Jenner

Cultures who developed novel variolation techniques to mitigate smallpox were

Ancient Chinese, multiple African nations and tribes, and the Ottoman Empire

European efforts to contain smallpox prior to vaccination failed because

Europeans would not accept techniques from Africa and Eastern nations

English organized resistance to smallpox vaccination overlapped with

Class struggles, sanitat

The first worldwide vaccination campaign was carried out by

The Spanish

The first variolation campaign in the New World was conducted by

Cotton Mather and Onesimus

Which of the following world events are related to smallpox?

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The fall of the Roman Empire

The rise in popularity of Christianity

The fall of the Aztecs

Viking spread of smallpox outbreaks

All of the above

“Smallpox blankets” used by the British/American colonists were

An example of biological warfare and used to break the Delaware warriors’ siege at Fort Pitt

A key characteristic of smallpox that enabled smallpox’s eradication was

Lack of an enviornmental or animal reservoir

Live attenuated vaccines

Can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals

The WHO officially declared smallpox eradicated in

1980

Malaria is caused by a

Protozoan

In humans, different life stages of the Plasmodium parasite live in

Liver cells and red blood cells

Which organism is most likely to cause a severe form of malaria

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium is vectored by

Anopheles mosquitoes

The Greeks associated outbreaks of malaria with

Proximity to wetlands

Which historic event was not linked to malaria?

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Hannibal’s inability to conquer Rome

The death of Alexander the Great

The synthesis of chloroquine as an alternative to quinine

The American Plague

The American Plague

Malaria was introduced into the Americas

Via trade in enslaved Africans

Which is a human evolutionary response to malaria

Selection of hemoglobin variants which restrict Plasmodium’s survival

Yellow fever has been referred to as

the American plague

The mosquito that vectors yellow fever is

Aedes aegypti

How did yellow fever influence the construction of the Panama Canal?

Prevented the French from building it by killing workers?

‘Vaccine passport’ travel policies are meant to

Limit introduction of yellow fever virus into new areas

Walter Reed Army Hospital National Military Medical Center is named after

Walter Reed, US Army physician who confirmed a Cuban doctor’s findings that mosquitoes vector yellow fever

Vaccination for yellow fever involves

A single injection which confers life-long protection

Most people who become infected with the virus that causes yellow fever

Do not develop symptomatic disease

What causes STI’s?

Bacteria, viruses, and parasites

In the old times, syphilis and Gonorrhea was commonly called?

Great Pox

In what century did the term “gonorrhea” first appear?

17th century

What might prevent individuals with STI’s from seeking treatment?

Personal shame, embarrassment, misconception that most STI’s are not serious, social stigma

Which of the following factors can contribute to the spread of STI’s in certain communities?

Lack of access to healthcare and education, high levels of poverty and unemployment, discrimination and stigma

Which of the following is an example of how social norms can affect the spread of STI’s?

People may be less likely to use condoms if they believe it goes agains their cultural or religious beliefs

Which STI’s can be cured with antibiotics?

Chlamydia and syphilis

What can lower personal risk of contracting STI’s?

Using a condom, being faithful, abstinence

Syphilis is caused by a

Bacteria

The pathogen which causes syphilis is

Treponema pallidum

Which of the following is one way in which syphilis is transmitted?

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By sharing a hot tub

By eating food contaminated with the disease

By sitting on toilet seats in public bathrooms

By having unsafe sex with an infected person

By having unsafe sex with an infected person

During the first stage of syphilis, you may notice a single sore or multiple sores in which areas?

Lips or in the mouth, vagina, penis

When was syphilis first recognized as an epidemic?

1400’s

What was the primary method of treating syphilis before the discovery of antibiotics?

Mercury

What was the first antibiotic used to treat syphilis?

Penicillin

What age range are were most people infected by polio?

1-10

Most (about 70%) of people exposed to polio for the first time

Experience no symptoms

While there is evidence that polio is an ancient disease, it became a widespread scourge in the 19th century because

It infected children who hadn’t received prenatal exposure (and thus partial immunity) due to improving sanitation practices)

The full scientific name for the polio disease is

Poliomyelitis

Polio’s structure as one of the simplest known viruses (that is also highly dangerous to humans includes

Non enveloped, single stranded RNA and 4 capsid proteins (60 copies)

The polio virus is transmitted primarily through

Ingestion of food or water contaminated with infected feces

In humans, polio first replicates primarily in

The intestines

According to our assigned reading, Loomis argues part of polio’s uniquely destructive power comes from

The long-term psychological damage it imparted to generations of people around the world, especially parents

After exposure to either the polio virus of a vacccine

Either viral exposure or vaccination confers lifelong protection

Jonas Salk was inspired to develop an inactivate viral vaccine for polio because of earlier work with

Toxoid neutralization related to diphtheria and tetanus

His work helping create an inactivated influenza vaccine to save lives during World War II

Funding and support for a viral research lab from Pitt and polio funding from Roosevelt’s National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis

The Kenny method of physical rehabilitation involved

Assisted limb movement and motion therapy

Early vaccine trails testing and demonstrating the efficacy of Salk’s inactivated polio vaccine used

Local children from convalescence homes and public schools in Pittsburgh

Subsequent vaccination errors and scares included

The SV40 Scare and the Cutter Incident

Sabine’s oral polio vaccine was developed

With clinical trial support from the Soviet Union

Organized resistance to vaccination campaigns first began

In Leicester, England

Which of these incidents came first in US vaccine history, turning public goodwill from the success of the polio vaccination campaign towards vaccine hesitancy/distrust in the US?

The Ford administration’s failed Swine Flu campaign and its conflation with Guillain-Barre Syndrome

The Leicester method for mitigating preventable diseases involved

Identifying and isolating sick individuals while testing/monitoring their family, contacts, and social circles

The common anti-vaccine argument of placing similar two charts or trends in relation to each other is called

Spurious correlation

Today, polio:

Exists in the wild in 5 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East

Exists as circulating Vaccine Derived Poliovirus (cVDPV) in at least 9 countries

Multiple studies have found the least effective way to change the mind of someone who is skeptical of vaccines is to

Present them with facts and statistics which show they are wrong

The Sabine oral vaccine has been used in many places around the world because

It is cheaper to manufacture, store and transport, and can be effective after one dose