KHNES 4525 Study Guide

Health behavior

The actions of individuals, groups, and organizations, as well as the determinants, correlates, and consequences of those actions.

Personal attributes

Beliefs, expectations, motives, values, perceptions, and other cognitive elements; personality and overt behavior patterns.

Physical Activity

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure.

Exercise

A subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, with the objective of improving or maintaining physical fitness.

Behavior Change

The process of making modifications to one's behavior, which can have barriers and facilitators.

Socio-Ecological Model

A model that illustrates the influence of various factors, from genetic to environmental, on behavior change.

CBT (Cognitive Triangle)

The interplay between thoughts, behaviors, and feelings in the process of behavior change.

Compliance

Behavior characterized by the extent to which people obey, follow instructions, or use prescriptions.

Adherence

Behavior characterized by people freely choosing to undertake behavioral plans and having collaborative involvement in developing and adjusting their plan.

Passive Participation

Involvement in behavior change by force or haphazardly, without true engagement.

Active Participation

Willingness to be involved in behavior change and actively work towards making changes.

Actual Causes of Death

Leading causes of death, such as heart disease and cancer, are actually caused by factors like smoking, poor diet, inactivity, or alcohol consumption.

Behavioral Factors

The most prominent contributors to mortality, as people are living longer but with chronic diseases and low health-span.

Health Determinants

Personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence society and impact health.

PA Research Beginnings

Early studies focused on studying correlates, antecedents, and consequences of physical activity, often through observational studies.

WHO Guidelines

Recommendations for physical activity include specific durations and intensities for substantial health benefits.

Sedentary Behavior

High amounts of sedentary behavior are associated with increased risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes.

Mediators

The process through which two variables are related and influence behavior change.

Moderators

Factors that affect the strength and direction of the mediators in behavior change.

Determinants

Factors that show how someone goes from being sedentary to adopting physical activity.

Correlates

Factors related to adoption and maintenance of physical activity, often identified through cross-sectional studies.

Observational vs Experimental Studies

Observational studies identify correlates, while experimental studies show how behavior change occurs and can be replicated.

Demographic Factors

Age, gender, status, and education are examples of demographic factors that can influence physical activity.

Program Factors

Intensity, duration, frequency, and location (home vs. gym) are examples of program factors that can impact physical activity.

Environmental Factors

The built environment and access to facilities are examples of environmental factors that can affect physical activity.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs

Confidence, self-efficacy, motivation, knowledge, and expectations of physical activity can influence behavior change.

Psychological/Behavioral Skills

Self-regulatory skills, personality, and mental health are examples of psychological/behavioral skills that can impact physical activity.

Intervention

Systematic approaches that target modifiable determinants of physical activity and exercise adoption and adherence.

Informational Intervention

Providing information about physical activity and exercise behavior to increase awareness and address barriers.

Social Intervention

Developing groups or dyadic approaches to promote behavior change, increase confidence, motivation, and accountability.

Policy and Environmental Intervention

Creating activity-friendly environments, modifying school-based physical activity curriculum, and improving access to facilities and resources.

Behavioral Intervention

Teaching behavioral skills, providing opportunities for practice and mastery, and developing plans to get active and stay active.

Behavioral Skills

Self-monitoring, goal-setting, and barrier problem-solving are examples of behavioral skills that aid in behavior change.

Self-monitoring

Recording thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to progress towards desired goals, often done using logs or apps.

Goal-Setting

Process of creating specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals to develop and sustain motivation for exercise.

Barrier Problem-Solving

Overcoming barriers to physical activity and exercise adoption and maintenance through analysis and selection of strategies.

Self-regulation skills

Skills that bridge the gap between intention and action towards goal realization in behavior change.

Intentions

The cognitive state that explains a portion of the variance in physical activity behavior.

Self-monitoring

A cognitive behavioral self-regulation strategy that requires individuals to keep track of their own behavior.

Goal-Setting

The process of setting behavior goals and outcome goals to develop and sustain motivation for exercise.

Barrier Problem-Solving

Analyzing factors influencing behavior and generating strategies to overcome barriers and increase facilitators.

Toolbox for Success

Empowering individuals to take and maintain action towards goals by building a toolbox of self-regulation skills.

GMCB (group-mediated cognitive behavioral lifestyle)

A supportive model that integrates self-regulation tools with the help of group-mediated support and individual planning.

The Righting Reflex

The tendency to tell people what we think they should do, often leading to resistance and disengagement.

Motivational Interviewing

A collaborative approach that supports autonomy and evokes change processes through accurate empathy and evocation.

OARS

Open Questions, Affirmations, Reflections, and Summaries - communication techniques used in motivational interviewing.

Change Talk

Statements indicating a desire or commitment to change behavior.

Sustain Talk

Statements indicating resistance or lack of motivation to change behavior.

Preparatory Language

Expressions of desire, ability, reason, or need related to behavior change.

Commitment Language

Expressions of commitment, action, or taking steps towards behavior change.

Managing Difficult Clients

Strategies for dealing with chatty, emotional, silent, or resistant participants in the behavior change process.

Factual participant

Definition:A participant who remains calm, acknowledges that it's okay to not know the answers, trusts the process, says thank you for sharing, and moves on.

Theory

Definition:A set of interlaced concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events or situations.

Relationship between dependent and independent variables

Definition:The connection or association between variables where the dependent variable is influenced or affected by changes in the independent variable.

Mediating variables

Definition:Variables that are identified as potential factors that mediate or influence behavior change.

Model

A framework that draws on multiple theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context.

Constructs

Concepts that are developed for a particular theory.

Variable

A construct that is measured in a study, which can be categorized as latent, manifest, independent, dependent, or mediating.

Surveillance Research

Research that tracks population-wide trends in behavior or outcomes.

Basic/Fundamental Research

Definition:Research that focuses on determining the determinants of a behavior.

Intervention Research

Definition:Research that aims to bring about change in mediators and outcomes of behavior.

Application/Program Delivery Research

Definition:Research that aims to systematically improve the delivery, acceptability, scalability, and effectiveness of interventions.

Uses of Theory

Definition:The various ways in which theories are utilized, including planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions.

Explanatory Theory

Definition:A theory that describes and identifies why a problem exists.

Change Theories

Definition:Theories that guide the development of interventions and form the basis for evaluation.

Implementation Theories

Definition:Change theories that link theory to a specific problem, audience, and context.

Major explanatory factors

Definition:The key factors identified by a theory that explain the occurrence of a behavior.

Hypothesized relationships

Definition:The relationships between variables that are proposed by a theory.

Specified conditions

Definition:The specific circumstances or conditions under which a theory is expected to apply.

Testable

Definition:A characteristic of theories that can be tested through empirical research.

Theory-Informed Research

Definition:Studies that acknowledge the use of theory in their design or analysis.

Theory-based Research

Definition:Studies that apply theories to guide their research methods or interventions.

Testing theory/Creating or Revising theories

Definition:Studies that aim to test, create, or revise theories.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

Definition:An explanatory theory that focuses on how attitudes and beliefs explain and predict health behaviors.

Motivation

Definition:The degree of determination, drive, or desire with which an individual approaches or avoids a behavior.

Intrinsic Motivation

Definition:Motivation that comes from within an individual.

Extrinsic Motivation

Definition:Motivation that comes from a force outside an individual.

Perceived Susceptibility

Definition:An individual's assessment of their chances of getting a disease.

Perceived Severity

Definition:An individual's judgment of the seriousness of the effect of getting a disease.

Perceived Benefits

Definition:An individual's evaluation of the positive things that will happen as a result of enacting a health behavior.

Perceived Barriers

Definition:An individual's opinion regarding the costs of enacting a health behavior.

Cues to Action

Definition:Prompts or triggers that prompt health behavior.

Self-efficacy

Definition:One's belief about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that influence events affecting their lives.

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

Definition:A theory that assumes people are rational actors and make decisions about behavior based on information and beliefs about the behavior and its consequences.

Attitude

Definition:Behavioral beliefs and evaluation of behavioral outcomes.

Subjective Norm

Definition:The belief of whether most people approve or disapprove of a behavior and the motivation to comply.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Definition:A theory that extends the TRA by including perceived behavioral control to account for factors outside an individual's direct control.

Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)

Definition:The individual's perception of the degree to which certain factors under their control make it easy or difficult to carry out a behavior.

Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM)

Definition:A model that integrates constructs from multiple theories, including TRA, TPB, HBM, and SCT, to understand behavior change.

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Definition:A health behavior change model that integrates key elements from over 300 theories to apply to and unite dominant theories/models at the time.

Precontemplation

Definition:The stage of change where an individual has no intention to take action in the near future.

Contemplation

Definition:The stage of change where an individual intends to take action in the near future and is considering the pros and cons of modifying behavior.

Preparation

Definition:The stage of change where an individual intends to take action soon and has taken some behavioral steps in that direction.

Action

Definition:The stage of change where an individual has demonstrated recent specific overt modifications to change behavior.

Maintenance

Definition:The stage of change where an individual has demonstrated specific sustained modifications in behavior.

Termination

Definition:The stage of change where there is no temptation to relapse and 100% confidence in maintaining the behavior change.

Process of Change

Definition:The activities or interventions aimed at modifying cognitions, behaviors, and emotions to facilitate movement through the stages of change.

Consciousness Raising

Definition:Seeking new information to better understand a behavior.

Self-Reevaluation

Definition:Assessing how one thinks and feels about oneself in relation to a behavior.

Environmental Reevaluation

Definition:Considering how a behavior affects the physical and social environment.