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reinforcement
increases probability of behavior occurring again
punishment
decreases probability of behavior occurring again
do you want to strengthen or weaken the behavior
- increase: reinforcement
- decrease: punishment
are you doing it by adding or taking away something
by adding: positive
by taking away: negative
continuous schedule of reinforcement
the behavior is reinforced or punished every time it occurs
partial schedule of reinforcement
the behavior is reinforced or punished only some of the time it occurs
do you know when it will repeat
yes: fixed
- no: variable
what determines the repetition
time: interval
- number of responses: ratio
fixed ratio schedules
reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses
variable ratio schedules
Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
most powerful reinforcement
fixed interval schedules
reinforcement is given after certain period of time
variable interval schedule
reinforcement is given after a certain average time
observational learning
we also learn behavior by watching other people
modeling
when behavior is modeled, we are more likely to imitate it when we are in a similar action
modeling
performing a behavior while someone else is watching
albert bandura
popularized observational studywith his bobo doll study
children watched adults play with a doll
some watched the adults play aggressively, some watched the adults play nicely
the children then got a chance to play with the doll
the children who saw aggressive models were much more aggressive themselves
research on violent media
national institute of mental health 1982 report, children who watch violent tv shows tend to be
- less sensitive to seeing other in pain
- more fearful of the world
- more likely to behave aggressively even into adolescent years
- more likely to be arrested as adults for criminal acts
2010 review by psychologist craig a anderson, exposure to violent video games as children results in
decreased empathy
increased aggressive thoughts and behavior
christopher j ferguson 2009 meta analysis
similar results to anderson
argues that prior work doesnt control for variables like mental health, family life, etc
operant conditioning
learning process in which voluntary behavior are modified by association with addition or removal of reward or aversive stimuli