Studying for Western Civilization Exam

Examples of successful societal programs of Louis XIV.

Unified French Legal Code, Construction of the Palace of Versailles, and an increase in art and culture.

Developer of social contract theory

John Locke

Power play as a result of the Peace of Westphalia.

Reduction in religious and political control over the state of the Holy Roman Empire by the Emperor.

Main two impacts of Peter the Great's leadership.

Territorial expansion and inclusion of western ideas.

Reasons for Spain's decline in international power during the 1600s.

Dysfunction of the economy, internal political strife, increase in power of Western European trade.

A government that should seek to directly maximize exports to benefit the economy.

Mercantilism.

Nation whose presence in North American colonies began to dominate after the Seven Years' War.

Great Britain

Post-empire power state in the 18th century which rose due to marriages, death of leaders, and political strategy.

Prussia

Primary cause of Poland's Partition

An easily manipulated and inefficient political system.

Benefit of the 1689 English Bill of Rights

The monarch of England could not mess with a defined amount of power held by each citizen.

Primary cause of the economic decline of Spain

Disappearance of the steady flow of gold and silver from the South American colonies.

Manner in which the population of Europe increased in the 18th century.

Quickly, rapidly, fast, etc.

Cause of the shift in commercial activity in 18th century Europe from South to North.

Trade with colonies of France and Britain was more profitable than trading with the far East as was common in the past.

Causes for the power shift in 18th century Europe.

A rich but small nobility, a large and poor set of farmers, and a growing middle urban working class due to industrialization.

Nation who declined in dominance of North American colonies after the Seven Years' War.

France

Early 18th century problem in Spain over leadership.

A lack of a clear successor to the throne caused foreign powers to fight.

Political struggle which led to the English Civil War.

Power struggle between Charles I and Parliament.

Consequences of the Treaty of Utrecht

France's regional power declined. Spain and England's Power was affected as they had to give up territory. Britain became more powerful internationally by obtaining colonies in North America.

Alternative title for King Louis XIV

The Sun King

Victorious English general in the War of the Spanish Succession.

John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough

Effects of the growth of trade on European society in the 18th century.

Craftsmen became wealthy and threatened the power of the upper classes, a general increase in life expectancy, consumer purchasing power was more prevalent.

English leader at the onset of the English Civil War.

Charles I

Post-empire power state in the 17th and 18th century in Europe that rose due to imperial control of neighboring territories.

Austria

Factors dictating expansion of European economies in the 18th century.

Trade pattern shifts due to colonies, new industrial methods, and agricultural change for farming.

Reasons why a constitutional government was created in England.

Class distinctions were becoming blurred, there was an increase in power by Parliament, Succession issues by the Tudor family forced more agreements with Parliament.

The succession of this person prompted the War of Austrian Succession.

Maria Theresa

Motivation for the Westernization policies in Russia by Peter I.

A tour of Europe.

Modern island European nation not part of the Holy Roman Empire

Great Britain

Causes of the first Industrial Revolution.

Substantial population growth, innovative factory technology, transportation improvements.

The Peace of Westphalia ended this European Conflict.

The Thirty Years' War

Binding right of agreement between the people and the monarch.

social contract

Treaty which ended the Seven Years' War.

Treaty of Paris

Influential French Monarch known for thriving culture and political power.

Louis XIV

Term to describe the occurrence of building Versailles by Louis XIV and St. Petersburg by Peter the Great

Tribute to personal rule.

Reason why historians consider the Seven Years' War to be the first 'world war.'

It involved conflict in European territories and was thus global versus focused only on one continent.

Adjective to describe the foreign policy approach of Louis XIV.

Aggressive

Main legacy of Peter the Great.

Russia became a powerhouse and westernization.

The primary status of Prussia under Frederick I and Frederick II.

A prosperous place due to reformed education, a strong fiscal approach, and government supported infrastructure.

Three early problems facing Peter the Great when he became tsar.

No trading port access at the Baltic Sea, Religiously run school system, Little contact with the rest of Europe.

Civilization from which Middle Age medical theory was adapted.

Rome

Lasting from the 17th to the 19th centuries, a European period which saw the rise of independent thinking and the use of logic rather than religion and older philosophies for answers.

The Enlightenment

Institution for which European attitudes changed towards during the Enlightenment.

Government

Scientific Revolution thinker who argued that the Earth revolved around the sun.

Galileo

Idealists who developed though based on inquiry, observation, and obvious reason.

Enlightened Thinkers

Country where Enlightened despots had the most success in Enlightenment ideal implementation.

Prussia

Mainstream religion questioned during the Scientific Revolution.

Christianity.

American founding document that lists the complaints of the American colonists.

Declaration of Independence

Period in Western European history, lasting for approximately 150 years, which saw plentiful advancements in scientific advancements, discoveries, and theories which changed accepted ways of thinking.

The Scientific Revolution

Russian leaders who were devoted to modernizing and westernizing Russia.

Peter and Catherine the Great

Reforms of William Pitt.

Pushed for restrictions on the power of the monarch, redistricting of parliamentary seats to keep up with population growth, and government takeover of the East India Company.

Thinker whose laws of motion were rooted in observation, and paved the way for contemporary thinking about gravity.

Isaac Newton

Enlightenment thinker who developed the concept of separation of powers.

Baron de Montesquieu

The theory which states that a specific agreement exists between the people and their leader to guide that leader's rule as balanced and fair.

social contract

Main thinkers behind the social contract theory.

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

Shared characteristic between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

Questioning of traditional ideas, values, and practices.

Thinker who theorized that knowledge is best gained through observation and proposed the original framework of what would become the scientific method.

Francis Bacon

Contemporary and often conflicting interest-based groups which started in 18th century British politics.

political parties

British law requiring American colonists to house and take care of British soldiers in their homes.

Quartering Act

Other revolution inspired by the events of the American Revolution.

French Revolution

Method by which medical theories were developed during the Scientific Revolution.

Empiricism, Experimentation, and Observation

Type of government that would be prevented by a system of checks and balances of power.

Tyranny

Double Impact: Outcomes of the French and Indian War and Causes of the American Revolution.

A resentment of Britain's demand on the American colonists they pay for the war while lacking Parliament representation, A restriction and ban on immigration west of the Appalachian Mountains, and a lack of need for British protection of the American colonies due to the defeat of the French.

New Scientific Revolution concept for basis of argument that often tested the religious laws and the church.

evidence

Conflicted leaders who wanted absolute, central power but also desired individual rights and emphasized rational thought.

Enlightened despots

Group who did not benefit from the American Revolution.

Native Americans

Another name for enlightened thinkers; includes Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Descarte among others.

Philosophers

18th century English reformer of Parliament who sought power restriction, representative legislative seats, and nationalization of corporations.

William Pitt

Galileo's theory that Earth revolved around the sun.

Heliocentric Theory

British political outcome of the American Revolution.

Reduction of the monarch's power.

Thinker who postulated a leader's power, which could be absolute, came from an unwritten but existing agreement with their subjects.

Thomas Hobbes

Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader who brought Catholicism back to France, provided for a centralized government and political system, and adjusted the legal system to benefit the country.

Congress of Vienna (1815)

Following the rule of Napoleon, this international meeting sought to repatriate the territory he had conquered as well as prevent such aggressive expansion again.

The ideas of this time period contributed to the French Revolution.

The Enlightenment

Reign of Terror

A time in French History that saw many citizens unfairly imprisoned and executed.

Locations which Napoleon was unable to take control of in Europe.

Great Britain and Russia

The mood that permeated France in the post-Revolutionary period.

Nationalism

Bastille

The royal prison in Paris which was stormed by revolutionaries in 1789.

Robespierre and the Jacobins

Robespierre and his supporting cast, the Jacobins, led the Reign of Terror in France.

Economic condition that led to the French Revolution.

A massive national debt from fighting constant war and lavish purchases.

The Third Estate

Sub group of the Estates General that directly represented the common citizen in Revolutionary-era France.

Committee on Public Safety (in France)

During the Reign of Terror, this group sought to put down any opposition to rule as well as push out any foreign influence.

Napoleon Bonaparte was known for this certain type of expansion.

Territorial

The March on Versailles during the French Revolution saw a large level of participation amongst this group.

Women

The reason the Estates General's meeting in 1787 was so significant.

It had not met in more than a century.

The Tennis Court Oath

Pledge that said the National Assembly would stay in session until a constitution for France was drafted.

A balance of power was a result of which post-Napoleon international gathering?

The Congress of Vienna

Estates General

Comprehensive social group in Revolutionary-era France that included nobles, religious personnel, and the general population.

Environmental cause of the Agricultural Revolution

Good climate conditions

Milled metal product whose creation permitted the development and use of machines that in turn improved product output and thus fed growth in industry.

Iron

Reason why workers moved from place to place during the Urbanization period after the Agricultural Revolution.

Availability of jobs

Wage-based economy

Type of economy that emerged after the first Industrial Revolution characterized by individuals offering labor in exchange for wages.

Class which increased substantially following the first Industrial Revolution.

Middle class

Thomas Malthus

Economist who spent a great deal of time and energy devoted to the issue of out-of-hand population increases.

Type of work which had the largest quantity of employees during the Industrial Revolution.

Factory, or industrial, labor

Type of transportation which was not only a direct result of the Industrial Revolution, but led to the substantial urbanization of cities.

Railroads

Reasons for formation of trade unions

Poor working conditions, the replacement of manual labor by machines, and a decrease in wages. These are the predecessors to today's labor unions.

Child Labor Laws

A result of the Industrial Revolution, such rules dealt with protecting young workers from harm and abuse.

The clothes you wear are essentially this milled product classification, which also was a major sector contributing to the first Industrial Revolution.

Textiles

Geo-spatial cause of the Agricultural Revolution.

Rising quantity of available farmland.

Shift in type of production during the first Industrial Revolution.

From hand labor to the use of machines.