Bbio
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40 Terms
Q: Where is DNA found in most cells?
A: In the nucleus.
Q: What is the purpose of mitosis?
A: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
Q: How many cells does mitosis produce and are they identical?
A: 2 diploid cells that are genetically identical.
Q: What are the phases of mitosis?
A: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
Q: What does meiosis produce?
.
A: 4 genetically unique haploid gametes
Q: What causes genetic variation in meiosis?
A: Crossing over (Prophase I) and independent assortment (Metaphase I).
Q: What is a codon?
A: A group of three mRNA bases that code for an amino acid.
Q: What does tRNA do?
A: Carries amino acids to the ribosome, matching anticodons with codons.
Q: What base does RNA use instead of thymine?
A: Uracil (U).
Q: What is a Punnett square used for?
A: Predicting inheritance of traits.
Q: What are the genotypes for blood type A?
A: IAIA or IAi.
Q: What is a sex-linked trait example?
A: Baldness, carried on the X chromosome.
Q: What do shaded shapes in a pedigree show?
A: Individuals who have the trait.
Q: How many divisions occur in mitosis vs. meiosis?
A: 1 in mitosis, 2 in meiosis.
Q: Are mitosis cells diploid or haploid?
A: Diploid (2n).
Q: Are meiosis cells diploid or haploid?
A: Haploid (n).
Q: Does mitosis create genetic variation?
A: No, cells are identical.
Q: What type of cells does meiosis make?
A: Gametes (sperm and egg).
Q: What are STRs in DNA profiling?
A: Short Tandem Repeats, highly variable DNA sequences.
Q: What are the steps of DNA profiling?
A: Extract, amplify, cut (enzymes), gel electrophoresis, compare.
Q: What is transcription?
A: Copying DNA into mRNA.
Q: What is translation?
A: Using mRNA to build a protein at the ribosome.
Q: What is the start codon in humans?
A: AUG.
Q: What are the stop codons?
A: UAA, UAG, UGA.
Q: What is evolution?
A: A gradual change in the gene pool over time.
Q: What causes genetic variation in a population?
A: Mutations.
Q: What does VISTA stand for?
A: Variation, Inheritance/Isolation, Selection, Time, Adaptation.
Q: What is speciation?
A: Formation of a new species when groups can no longer interbreed.
Q: What is a gene pool?
A: All alleles for a gene in a population.
Q: What do fossils show?
A: How species have changed over time.
Q: Why is the fossil record incomplete?
A: Fossil formation requires rare conditions.
Q: How do deeper fossils compare to shallow ones?
A: Deeper fossils are older.
Q: How can DNA be used to show relatedness?
A: More similar DNA = more closely related.
Q: What are homologous structures?
A: Same structure, different function – from a common ancestor.
Q: What are analogous structures?
A: Same function, different structure – evolved independently.
Q: What are vestigial structures?
A: Reduced structures left over from ancestors (e.g. appendix).
Q: What is genetic isolation?
A: DNA prevents interbreeding.
Q: What is geographic isolation?
A: Physical barriers prevent breeding.
Q: What is social isolation?
A: Cultural or behavioural separation within a species.
Q: What is a hybrid?
A: An infertile offspring of two different species (e.g. mule).
Note 
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