exam 4

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts related to the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to acute exercise, highlighting key terms and their definitions.

Cardiovascular Responses

The changes in heart function and blood circulation that occur during exercise.

Acute Exercise

Physical activity that is performed at a high intensity for a short duration.

Blood Flow

The movement of blood throughout the body, which increases to active muscles during exercise.

Heart Rate (HR)

The number of heartbeats per minute; influenced by exercise intensity.

Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction.

Cardiac Output (Q•)

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as HR multiplied by SV.

Resting Heart Rate (RHR)

The number of beats per minute when a person is at rest; normal range is 60-80 beats/min.

Maximal Heart Rate (HRmax)

The highest heart rate an individual can achieve without severe problems through exercise stress.

Steady-state Heart Rate

The heart rate at which blood circulation meets the metabolic demands of the body during submaximal exercise.

Heart Rate Variability

The variation in time intervals between heartbeats, indicating autonomic nervous system function.

Preload

The degree of stretch of the heart muscle before it contracts, influenced by venous return.

Afterload

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during contraction.

Fick Principle

A method to calculate oxygen consumption based on blood flow and oxygen extraction.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

The average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle; affected by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.

Blood Flow Redistribution

The process of directing blood to exercising muscle and away from less active regions.

Sympatholysis

The process by which the sympathetic nervous system reduces vascular resistance to increase blood flow.

Hemoconcentration

An increase in the concentration of cells in the blood due to a decrease in plasma volume.

Acidosis

A condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the acidity of the blood.

Alkalosis

A condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the alkalinity of the blood.

Ventilation

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs, which increases during exercise.

Ventilatory Threshold

The point during exercise at which breathing becomes more labored and increases disproportionally to oxygen consumption.

Lactate Threshold

The exercise intensity at which lactate starts to accumulate in the bloodstream.

Plasma Volume

The liquid component of blood that can decrease during prolonged exercise.

Recovery from Exercise

The processes that occur after exercise to restore the body to its pre-exercise state.

Postexercise Hypotension

A decrease in blood pressure that occurs after exercise, due to peripheral vasodilation.

Respiratory Responses

The adaptations of the respiratory system during physical activity including changes in ventilation.

Anticipatory Response

The increase in heart rate and ventilation that occurs before the start of exercise.

Chemical Buffers

Substances that help maintain pH balance in the body by neutralizing acids and bases.

Oxygen Uptake (V• O2)

The amount of oxygen used by the body during exercise.

Aerobic Fitness

The ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity.