Biology 112 Final

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venoms, toxins, and poisons are _____ traits

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1

venoms, toxins, and poisons are _____ traits

analogous

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2

what are features of the animal kingdom

  • multicellularity

  • complex tissue structure

  • heterotrophy

  • active movement

  • diversity of form and size

  • mostly sexual reproduction

  • developmental stages

  • body plan

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3

what are tissues

group of cells with a similar form and function

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4

animals ____ cell walls

lack

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5

what are the four types of tissues

  1. connective

  2. epithelial

  3. nervous

  4. muscle

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6

what is connective tissue

cells embedded in an extracellular matrix

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7

what is epithelial tissue

a covering, lining, protection, and secreting tissue

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8

what is nervous tissue

coordinates movement

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9

what is muscle tissue

powers locomotion

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10

somatic cells are ___loid

dip

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11

gametic cells are ___loid

hap

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12

fertilization is synonymous to _____

syngamy

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13

when haploid egg and sperm unite it is called

fertilization or syngamy

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14

what is parthenogenesis

females do not need sperm to reproduce

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15

what is haplodiploidy

females make eggs and men carry them

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16

what organisms exhibit budding and fragmentation

hydra and sea anemones

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17

what are the embryological development steps

  1. blastulation

  2. gastrulation

  3. neurulation

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18

when does the blastophore form

gastrulation

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19

what is the blastopore

the first opening into the embryo

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20

what does the neural plate become

neural tube

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21

what does the neural tube become

brain and spinal cord/ CNS

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22

what does the neural crest become

peripheral nervous system

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23

what are the embryological development stages

  1. zygote

  2. embryo

  3. fetus

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24

what is a zygote

formed after fertilization, sperm transfers nuclei into oocyte (egg)

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25

what is an embryo

3 stages, a designate for after the zygote implants into the tissue of embryonic development (usually endometrium of uterus)

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26

what is a fetus

once organogenesis is complete (all organs are formed but organism is not mature) the embryo is referred to as a fetus

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27

in an organism, chromosomes ___ is default

XX

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28

C19H22 is also known as the chemical forming what chromosome organelles

XY

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29

what is the cleavage stage

a series of 3 mitosis cell divisions in early development after zygote forms, where it inters the 8-cell stage

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30

what is the blastula stage

in early development after the zygote is formed, there is a migration of cells resulting in a 6-32 celled hollow ‘ball’ with an internal cavity

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31

what is a gastrulation

a stage where invagination forms the blastopore and archenteron (embryonic gut), that sets up the formation of the outer (ectoderm) and inner (endoderm) germ layers

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32

what is a hox gene

a type of homeotic gene controlling the body plan and type of segment structures of an embryo. they give identity but do not form segments themselves.

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33

hox gene is a(n) _____gous trait

homo

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34

what organisms do not have hox genes

ctenophores and porifera

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35

what are animals classified by

  • symmetry

  • number of tissue layers

  • origin of mouth and anus

  • body plan/ cavities

  • DNA similarities

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36

what are parazoans

organisms with no true tissues or symmetry such as sponges

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37

what are eumetazoans

animals with distinct tissues and symmetry

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38

what are metazoans

multicellular organisms

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39

radiata are _____blasts

diplo

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40

bilaterata are _____blasts

triplo

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41

diploblastic characteristics

  • radial symmetry

  • endoderm and ectoderm

  • cnidarians and ctenophores

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42

triploblastic characteristics

  • bilateral symmetry

  • mesoderm

  • all other animals

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43

what does the mesoderm become

muscle, bone, cartilage, visceral organs and major blood vessels

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44

what does the endoderm become

lining of most digestive tract organs, trachea, and lungs

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45

what does the ectoderm become

epithelium of body, central nervous system

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46

coelom is from development

mesoderm

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47

coeloms are only in __blasts

triplo

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48

what are features of coeloms

  • fluid filled (shock absorption)

  • between body wall and visceral organs

  • improved mobility

  • organs can move around in coelom

  • lead to body cavities, compartmentalization, connective tissues, etc

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49

what are acoelomates

  • lack body cavity

  • mesoderm is filled with tissue

  • ex: platyhelminthes

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50

what are pseudocoelomates

  • “false” body cavity

  • cavity derived from endoderm and mesoderm

  • still functional hydrostatic skeleton

  • nematodes

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51

what is the evolutionary significance of a coelom

  • body cavities

  • compartmentalization

  • connective tissue

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52

what are coelomates/eucoelomates

  • coelom completely in mesoderm

  • tissues holding organ in place

  • most animals

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53

what types of cleavage do protostomes have

spiral cleavage and determinate cleavage

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54

what type of cleavage do deuterostomes have

radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage

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55

what is spiral cleavage

cleavage that had a spiral pattern of cells along the embryo axis due to angled cleavage

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56

what is determinate cleavage

cleavage whose fat is determined very early

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57

what is radial cleavage

cell division at right angles

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58

what is indeterminate cleavage

fate of stem cells is determined somewhat later in development (formation of stem cells and twins if embryonic cells are separated)

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59

what does the blastopore connect

archenteron and exterior of gastrula

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60

who are the closest living relatives to animals

choanoflagellate

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61

what are the clades in bilateria

deuterostomes and protostomes and platyhelminthes

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62

what are the classes in protostomes

lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa

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63

what are lophotrochozoans

organisms with a trochophore larva and/or lophophore

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64

what is a lophophore

a feeding structure

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65

what is an ecdysozoan

an organism that molts their skeleton via ecdysis

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66

what are two examples of ecdysozoans

arthropoda and nematoda

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67

what is the period called before the cambrian explosion

ediacaran

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68

what happened in the cambrian period

the most rapid period of animal evolution creating new phyla

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69

the cambrian explosion is an example of what type of evolution

adaptive radiation

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70

who did the cambrian explosion evolve

bilaterally symmetrical animals

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71

what is the cause of the cambrian explosion and the decline of ediacaran biota

  • new predator-prey relationships

  • a rise in atmospheric oxygen

  • the evolution (duplication/mutation) of the Hox gene complexes

  • shallow seas = more ecological variation

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72

what was the greatest extinction event

Permian- Triassic boundary

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73

How many species died in the Permian- Triassic boundary

~95% of species

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74

how long ago was the permian triassic boundary

250 mya

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75

what happened in the cretaceous-paleogene boundary

dust from large meteorite impact near yucatan with volcanic activity caused severe climate change

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76

when was the cretaceous-paleogene boundary

~66 mya

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77

what percentage of animals on the earth are invertebrates

~97%

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78

what is a placozoa

  • translates to “flat animal”

  • the scientific does not know where to put it phylogenetically

  • basal form of invertebrate

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79

what are types of lophotrochozoans

  • platyhelminthes

  • rotifera

  • ectoprocta

  • brachiopoda

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80

what are types of acoelomate flatworms

  • planarians

  • flukes

  • tapeworms

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81

what organisms have a retractable lophophore/ a crown or tentacles lined with cilia

ectoprocta

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82

what are rotifera

  • pseudocoelomate

  • planktonic

  • sessile

  • decomposers

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83

what are brachiopods

  • 2 valves (dorsal and ventral)

  • lophophore

  • pedicle

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84

what are types of lophotrochozoans

  • acanthocephala

  • annelida

  • mollusca

  • cycliophora

  • nemertea

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85

who has the largest range of animal forms

lophotrochozoans

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86

what is a lophotrochozoan

a class of bilaterian invertebrates

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87

lophotrochozoans _______ have a lophophore

not always

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88

lophotrochozoans _______ have a trochophore

not always

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89

what is an amoebocyte

delivers nutrients to cells and differentiates cells, are found in mesohyl

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90

sponges are a good example of a(n)

basal out group

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91

what is a choanocyte

flagellated collar cells which generate a water current through the sponge

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92

what is a mesohyl

a gelatinous noncellular layer between two cell layers

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93

most sponges are ______

hermaphrodites

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94

what is totipotent

a type of cell which is undifferentiated and capable of becoming other types of cells (ex: stem cell)

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95

sponges are known to produce anti______ compounds

biotic and cancer ex: cibriostatin)

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96

sponges reproduce

sexually and asexually

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97

cnidarians have specialized cells called

cnidocytes

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98

cnidarians contain stinging organelles organelles called

nematocysts

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99

what is the body plan of a jellyfish

sac with a central digestive compartment and a single opening for the mouth and anus

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100

cnidarians are ____blastic

diplo

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