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venoms, toxins, and poisons are _____ traits
analogous
what are features of the animal kingdom
multicellularity
complex tissue structure
heterotrophy
active movement
diversity of form and size
mostly sexual reproduction
developmental stages
body plan
what are tissues
group of cells with a similar form and function
animals ____ cell walls
lack
what are the four types of tissues
connective
epithelial
nervous
muscle
what is connective tissue
cells embedded in an extracellular matrix
what is epithelial tissue
a covering, lining, protection, and secreting tissue
what is nervous tissue
coordinates movement
what is muscle tissue
powers locomotion
somatic cells are ___loid
dip
gametic cells are ___loid
hap
fertilization is synonymous to _____
syngamy
when haploid egg and sperm unite it is called
fertilization or syngamy
what is parthenogenesis
females do not need sperm to reproduce
what is haplodiploidy
females make eggs and men carry them
what organisms exhibit budding and fragmentation
hydra and sea anemones
what are the embryological development steps
blastulation
gastrulation
neurulation
when does the blastophore form
gastrulation
what is the blastopore
the first opening into the embryo
what does the neural plate become
neural tube
what does the neural tube become
brain and spinal cord/ CNS
what does the neural crest become
peripheral nervous system
what are the embryological development stages
zygote
embryo
fetus
what is a zygote
formed after fertilization, sperm transfers nuclei into oocyte (egg)
what is an embryo
3 stages, a designate for after the zygote implants into the tissue of embryonic development (usually endometrium of uterus)
what is a fetus
once organogenesis is complete (all organs are formed but organism is not mature) the embryo is referred to as a fetus
in an organism, chromosomes ___ is default
XX
C19H22 is also known as the chemical forming what chromosome organelles
XY
what is the cleavage stage
a series of 3 mitosis cell divisions in early development after zygote forms, where it inters the 8-cell stage
what is the blastula stage
in early development after the zygote is formed, there is a migration of cells resulting in a 6-32 celled hollow ‘ball’ with an internal cavity
what is a gastrulation
a stage where invagination forms the blastopore and archenteron (embryonic gut), that sets up the formation of the outer (ectoderm) and inner (endoderm) germ layers
what is a hox gene
a type of homeotic gene controlling the body plan and type of segment structures of an embryo. they give identity but do not form segments themselves.
hox gene is a(n) _____gous trait
homo
what organisms do not have hox genes
ctenophores and porifera
what are animals classified by
symmetry
number of tissue layers
origin of mouth and anus
body plan/ cavities
DNA similarities
what are parazoans
organisms with no true tissues or symmetry such as sponges
what are eumetazoans
animals with distinct tissues and symmetry
what are metazoans
multicellular organisms
radiata are _____blasts
diplo
bilaterata are _____blasts
triplo
diploblastic characteristics
radial symmetry
endoderm and ectoderm
cnidarians and ctenophores
triploblastic characteristics
bilateral symmetry
mesoderm
all other animals
what does the mesoderm become
muscle, bone, cartilage, visceral organs and major blood vessels
what does the endoderm become
lining of most digestive tract organs, trachea, and lungs
what does the ectoderm become
epithelium of body, central nervous system
coelom is from development
mesoderm
coeloms are only in __blasts
triplo
what are features of coeloms
fluid filled (shock absorption)
between body wall and visceral organs
improved mobility
organs can move around in coelom
lead to body cavities, compartmentalization, connective tissues, etc
what are acoelomates
lack body cavity
mesoderm is filled with tissue
ex: platyhelminthes
what are pseudocoelomates
“false” body cavity
cavity derived from endoderm and mesoderm
still functional hydrostatic skeleton
nematodes
what is the evolutionary significance of a coelom
body cavities
compartmentalization
connective tissue
what are coelomates/eucoelomates
coelom completely in mesoderm
tissues holding organ in place
most animals
what types of cleavage do protostomes have
spiral cleavage and determinate cleavage
what type of cleavage do deuterostomes have
radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage
what is spiral cleavage
cleavage that had a spiral pattern of cells along the embryo axis due to angled cleavage
what is determinate cleavage
cleavage whose fat is determined very early
what is radial cleavage
cell division at right angles
what is indeterminate cleavage
fate of stem cells is determined somewhat later in development (formation of stem cells and twins if embryonic cells are separated)
what does the blastopore connect
archenteron and exterior of gastrula
who are the closest living relatives to animals
choanoflagellate
what are the clades in bilateria
deuterostomes and protostomes and platyhelminthes
what are the classes in protostomes
lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa
what are lophotrochozoans
organisms with a trochophore larva and/or lophophore
what is a lophophore
a feeding structure
what is an ecdysozoan
an organism that molts their skeleton via ecdysis
what are two examples of ecdysozoans
arthropoda and nematoda
what is the period called before the cambrian explosion
ediacaran
what happened in the cambrian period
the most rapid period of animal evolution creating new phyla
the cambrian explosion is an example of what type of evolution
adaptive radiation
who did the cambrian explosion evolve
bilaterally symmetrical animals
what is the cause of the cambrian explosion and the decline of ediacaran biota
new predator-prey relationships
a rise in atmospheric oxygen
the evolution (duplication/mutation) of the Hox gene complexes
shallow seas = more ecological variation
what was the greatest extinction event
Permian- Triassic boundary
How many species died in the Permian- Triassic boundary
~95% of species
how long ago was the permian triassic boundary
250 mya
what happened in the cretaceous-paleogene boundary
dust from large meteorite impact near yucatan with volcanic activity caused severe climate change
when was the cretaceous-paleogene boundary
~66 mya
what percentage of animals on the earth are invertebrates
~97%
what is a placozoa
translates to “flat animal”
the scientific does not know where to put it phylogenetically
basal form of invertebrate
what are types of lophotrochozoans
platyhelminthes
rotifera
ectoprocta
brachiopoda
what are types of acoelomate flatworms
planarians
flukes
tapeworms
what organisms have a retractable lophophore/ a crown or tentacles lined with cilia
ectoprocta
what are rotifera
pseudocoelomate
planktonic
sessile
decomposers
what are brachiopods
2 valves (dorsal and ventral)
lophophore
pedicle
what are types of lophotrochozoans
acanthocephala
annelida
mollusca
cycliophora
nemertea
who has the largest range of animal forms
lophotrochozoans
what is a lophotrochozoan
a class of bilaterian invertebrates
lophotrochozoans _______ have a lophophore
not always
lophotrochozoans _______ have a trochophore
not always
what is an amoebocyte
delivers nutrients to cells and differentiates cells, are found in mesohyl
sponges are a good example of a(n)
basal out group
what is a choanocyte
flagellated collar cells which generate a water current through the sponge
what is a mesohyl
a gelatinous noncellular layer between two cell layers
most sponges are ______
hermaphrodites
what is totipotent
a type of cell which is undifferentiated and capable of becoming other types of cells (ex: stem cell)
sponges are known to produce anti______ compounds
biotic and cancer ex: cibriostatin)
sponges reproduce
sexually and asexually
cnidarians have specialized cells called
cnidocytes
cnidarians contain stinging organelles organelles called
nematocysts
what is the body plan of a jellyfish
sac with a central digestive compartment and a single opening for the mouth and anus
cnidarians are ____blastic
diplo
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