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194 Terms
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Ethical relativism
also known as moral relativism, is a school of ethics anchored on the principle that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture or society. For Ex., some cultures may accept certain acts and behaviors that are unacceptable to other cultures
acknowledges societal diversity, that every society has a unique moral design and culture; and people’s beliefs are greatly influenced by culture.
acknowledges societal diversity, that every society has a unique moral design and culture; and people’s beliefs are greatly influenced by culture.
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Ethical Pragmatism
a philosophical approach or movement that began in the 1870s. It is more of a theory on knowledge, truth, and meaning rather than morality.
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Ethical Utilitarianism
✧ This school of ethics states that the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by their consequences. The principle of utility states that “actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness.
✧ The utility or usefulness of an action is determined by the extent to which it promotes happiness rather than its reverse
✧ The utility or usefulness of an action is determined by the extent to which it promotes happiness rather than its reverse
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Abortion
considered illegal in the Philippines. Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that:
The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic 5 autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception (Article II, Section 12).
can be direct, induced, or even caused by natural cases or accidents. In some instances, abortion becomes necessary when the life of the mother is at stake
The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic 5 autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception (Article II, Section 12).
can be direct, induced, or even caused by natural cases or accidents. In some instances, abortion becomes necessary when the life of the mother is at stake
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Euthanasia
the practice of ending a life intentionally, usually in situations when the individual is terminally ill, to relieve him or her of pain and suffering.
Also known as mercy killing, is regarded as a merciful release of an individual from an incurable sickness.
Herbert Hendin (2004) also describes it as the process of inducing the painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be merciful, either through voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary means.
Also known as mercy killing, is regarded as a merciful release of an individual from an incurable sickness.
Herbert Hendin (2004) also describes it as the process of inducing the painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be merciful, either through voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary means.
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Voluntary euthanasia
is when an individual gives consent to subject himself or herself to a painless death.
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Non-voluntary euthanasia
conducted when the permission of the patient to perform the process is unavailable, like in the case of patient in a deep comatose, or neonates born with significant and major birth defects.
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Involuntary euthanasia
is when the individual does not give his or her consent.
To this date, euthanasia remains to be controversial because it is the act of taking away a life in a way that is perceived to be against the society’s accepted moral standards
To this date, euthanasia remains to be controversial because it is the act of taking away a life in a way that is perceived to be against the society’s accepted moral standards
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Genetic Engineering
a controversial ethical issue because it involves genetic manipulations that perceived to be against moral standards set by the society. Through genetic engineering, humans are seen to acting as their own gods because of procedures that enable them to manipulate the genetic make-up of organisms.
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Genetic Screening
a procedure whose main purpose is to screen, choose, and select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal malformations
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Stem-cell Therapy
a form of genetic engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat or prevent diseases. It has been the subject of controversy because of how stem cells are sourced.
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In vitro fertilization (IVF)
popularly known as laboratory fertilization. In the past, this technology became the subject of controversies because of many religious groups opposing the procedure as they perceive it to be a deviation from natural process of fertilization.
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Professional Ethics
covers the morally accepted behavior of individuals in the workplace.
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Technology
1\.First, as a physical artefact, machine, or instrument;
2\. Second, as an activity or a means to accomplish a goal; and
3\. Third, as knowledge (Howell, 1996). Rogers (1983) asserts that “technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome.”
2\. Second, as an activity or a means to accomplish a goal; and
3\. Third, as knowledge (Howell, 1996). Rogers (1983) asserts that “technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome.”
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Laboratory scientists
usually look for the presence of bacteria, parasites, and other microorganisms in the body. They analyze the chemical contents of fluids, match blood for transfusions, and test for drug levels in the blood to show a patient’s response to a specific treatment.
They also prepare specimens for examination, to count cells, and look for abnormal cells in the blood and other body fluids with the use of microscopes, cell counters, and other sophisticated laboratory equipment. After testing and examining a specimen, laboratory scientists analyze the results and relay them to physicians.
They also prepare specimens for examination, to count cells, and look for abnormal cells in the blood and other body fluids with the use of microscopes, cell counters, and other sophisticated laboratory equipment. After testing and examining a specimen, laboratory scientists analyze the results and relay them to physicians.
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Perform Clinical Laboratory Testing
✧ A medical technologist must be capable of performing the most basic to the most advanced laboratory tests. ✧
A graduate of B.S. Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science is expected to show competency in performing routine laboratory tests including urinalysis and stool examination. He or she should be capable of performing hematologic, microbiologic, serologic, chemical, and other procedures in the different areas of laboratory science.
A graduate of B.S. Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science is expected to show competency in performing routine laboratory tests including urinalysis and stool examination. He or she should be capable of performing hematologic, microbiologic, serologic, chemical, and other procedures in the different areas of laboratory science.
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Perform Special Procedures
✧ Medical technologists are also expected to perform special procedures in diagnosing diseases. Special procedures may include molecular and nuclear diagnostics.
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Perform Special Procedures
✧ In performing different procedures to diagnose diseases, a medical technologist should always be conscious of the accuracy and precision of both the testing process and its results.
✧ Accuracy and precision impacts the interpretation of results by the physician to provide proper medication in the treatment of diseases.
✧ Accuracy and precision impacts the interpretation of results by the physician to provide proper medication in the treatment of diseases.
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Be Honest in Practice
✧ A practicing medical technologist, like any other professional, is expected to be honest in the practice of his or her work. It is important that a medical technologist values honesty, particularly in conveying or reporting the results of any laboratory procedure.
✧ He or she should act according to the Medical Technology profession’s Code of Ethics and his or her pledged oath of practice, therefore he or she must be honest at all times in the conduct of teat procedures to come up with accurate and precise results.
✧ He or she should act according to the Medical Technology profession’s Code of Ethics and his or her pledged oath of practice, therefore he or she must be honest at all times in the conduct of teat procedures to come up with accurate and precise results.
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Ensure Timely Delivery of Results
✧ In collaborating with other health care practitioners, a medical technologist must be aware of the urgency of delivering results on time especially in cases that require urgent treatment. There are times when physicians will request laboratory tests which require immediate action.
✧ One should take notations on “STAT” or even observe the source of the requests (e.g., from the emergency room, (ER) or operating room (OR).
✧ It is important for the medical technologist to be alert to fully address the needs of the patient. Since some of the laboratory procedures are time bound, it is important that the medical technologist is able to perform the duties required of him or her as soon as possible.
✧ One should take notations on “STAT” or even observe the source of the requests (e.g., from the emergency room, (ER) or operating room (OR).
✧ It is important for the medical technologist to be alert to fully address the needs of the patient. Since some of the laboratory procedures are time bound, it is important that the medical technologist is able to perform the duties required of him or her as soon as possible.
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Demonstrate Professionalism
✧ A medical technologist must be able to perform his or her functions according to the professional Code of Ethics for medical technology professionals. He or she should be aware of the laws and regulations governing the practice of medical technology and should not exploit the function beyond its boundaries.
✧ In the Philippines, the practice of medical technology profession is governed by R.A. 5527 of the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969. Other governing regulations are supplemented by the Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966 (R.A. 4688) and the Blood Banking Acts of 1956 (R.A. 1517) and 1995 (R.A. 7719).
✧ In the Philippines, the practice of medical technology profession is governed by R.A. 5527 of the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969. Other governing regulations are supplemented by the Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966 (R.A. 4688) and the Blood Banking Acts of 1956 (R.A. 1517) and 1995 (R.A. 7719).
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Uphold Confidentiality
✧ Ensuring confidentiality of patient’s information is one of the core duties within the medical practice (De Bord et al.). Confidentiality requires health care 7 providers to keep a patient’s personal health information private, unless the patient consents to release the information.
✧ Patient records are expected to be kept in confidence by the medical technologist. It should be kept and made available only when necessary.
✧ Patient records are expected to be kept in confidence by the medical technologist. It should be kept and made available only when necessary.
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Collaborate with Other Health Care Professionals
✧ A medical technology professional is required to collaborate with other health care practitioners in order to build a well-functioning team. Collaboration is the act of working together in order to achieve a desired outcome.
✧ A highly-trained physician will only be able to efficiently treat his or her patient if laboratory testing, monitoring, drug prescription and dosage, and more are properly rendered and administered by other health care professionals. These protocols cannot be done by the physician alone.
✧ A highly-trained physician will only be able to efficiently treat his or her patient if laboratory testing, monitoring, drug prescription and dosage, and more are properly rendered and administered by other health care professionals. These protocols cannot be done by the physician alone.
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Conduct Research
✧ Practicing medical technologists must also be engaged in research activities to update their skills.
✧ Research work, whether experimental or descriptive can contribute significantly to the discovery of new knowledge in the field of medical technology and in assessing and revisiting already known ones.
✧ It can greatly help in the further development of the field and may be used as future reference for patient care.
✧ Research work, whether experimental or descriptive can contribute significantly to the discovery of new knowledge in the field of medical technology and in assessing and revisiting already known ones.
✧ It can greatly help in the further development of the field and may be used as future reference for patient care.
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Involvement in Health Promotion Programs
✧ Medical technologists should not be confined only to the four corners of their clinical laboratories. Medical technology is a multi-disciplinary field which consistently ventures into other areas of health care including health promotion.
✧ A medical technology professional must be actively involved in reaching out to the community. There are many ways by which the medical technology profession can help improve the lives of people.
✧ A medical technology professional must be actively involved in reaching out to the community. There are many ways by which the medical technology profession can help improve the lives of people.
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Pathologist
a duly registered physician who is specially trained in methods of laboratory medicine, or the gross and microscopic study and 8 interpretation of tissues, secretions and excretions of the human body and its function in order to diagnose disease, follow its course, determine the effectivity of treatment, ascertain cause of death, and advance medicine by means of research.
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Toxicologist
studies the effects of toxic substances on the physiological functions of human beings, animals, and plants to develop data for use in consumer protection and industrial safety programs
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Biosafety
is the containment principles, technologies, and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release
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Biosecurity
refers to the protection, control, and accountability for valuable biological materials within laboratories, in order to prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional release (WHO, 2006)
focuses on laboratory procedures and practices necessary to prevent exposure to and acquisition of infections while the maintenance of secure procedures and practices in handling biological materials and sensitive information falls under biosecurity
focuses on laboratory procedures and practices necessary to prevent exposure to and acquisition of infections while the maintenance of secure procedures and practices in handling biological materials and sensitive information falls under biosecurity
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Risk group 1
Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Groups
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includes microorganisms that are unlikely to cause human or animal disease. These microorganisms bring about low individual and community risk.
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includes microorganisms that are unlikely to cause human or animal disease. These microorganisms bring about low individual and community risk.
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Risk group 2
Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Groups
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– includes microorganisms that are unlikely to be a significant risk to laboratory workers and the community, livestock, or the environment. This risk group bring about moderate individual risk and limited community risk.
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– includes microorganisms that are unlikely to be a significant risk to laboratory workers and the community, livestock, or the environment. This risk group bring about moderate individual risk and limited community risk.
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Risk group 3
Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Groups
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ncludes microorganisms that are known to cause serious diseases to humans or animals and may present a significant risk to 11 laboratory workers. They bring about high individual risk, and limited to moderate community risk.
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ncludes microorganisms that are known to cause serious diseases to humans or animals and may present a significant risk to 11 laboratory workers. They bring about high individual risk, and limited to moderate community risk.
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Risk group 4
Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Groups
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includes microorganisms that are known to produce life-threatening diseases to humans or animals. They bring about high individual and community risk.
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includes microorganisms that are known to produce life-threatening diseases to humans or animals. They bring about high individual and community risk.
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Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)
Categories of Laboratory Biosafety According to Levels
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– is suitable for work involving viable microorganisms that are defined and with well-characterized strains known not to cause disease in humans.
✧ This level is the most appropriate among undergraduate and secondary educational training and teaching laboratories that require basic laboratory safety practices, safety equipment, and facility design that requires basic level of containment.
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– is suitable for work involving viable microorganisms that are defined and with well-characterized strains known not to cause disease in humans.
✧ This level is the most appropriate among undergraduate and secondary educational training and teaching laboratories that require basic laboratory safety practices, safety equipment, and facility design that requires basic level of containment.
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Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Categories of Laboratory Biosafety According to Levels
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is basically designed for laboratories that deal with indigenous moderate-risk agents present in the community. It observes practices, equipment, and facility design that are applicable to clinical, diagnostic, and teaching laboratories consequently observing good microbiological techniques
appropriate when work is done with human blood, body fluids, tissues, or primary human cell lines where there is uncertain presence of infectious agents. Hand washing sinks and waste decontamination facilities must be available and access to the laboratory must be restricted when work is being conducted.
Agents associated with human disease include measles, virus, Salmonella species, pathogenic Toxoplasma, Clostridium botulinum, hepatitis B virus
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is basically designed for laboratories that deal with indigenous moderate-risk agents present in the community. It observes practices, equipment, and facility design that are applicable to clinical, diagnostic, and teaching laboratories consequently observing good microbiological techniques
appropriate when work is done with human blood, body fluids, tissues, or primary human cell lines where there is uncertain presence of infectious agents. Hand washing sinks and waste decontamination facilities must be available and access to the laboratory must be restricted when work is being conducted.
Agents associated with human disease include measles, virus, Salmonella species, pathogenic Toxoplasma, Clostridium botulinum, hepatitis B virus
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Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)
Categories of Laboratory Biosafety According to Levels
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puts emphasis on primary and secondary barriers in the protection of the personnel, the community, and the environment from infectious aerosol exposure. Work with indigenous or exotic agents with a potential for respiratory transmission, and that may cause serious and potential lethal infection are being conducted here.
Secondary barriers for this level are highly required including controlled access to the laboratory and ventilation requirements to minimize the release of infectious aerosols from the laboratory while special engineering and design features are being considered.
\- microorganisms that cause serious disease, transmitted by inhalation like M. tuberculosis, yellow fever virus, Hantavirus.
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puts emphasis on primary and secondary barriers in the protection of the personnel, the community, and the environment from infectious aerosol exposure. Work with indigenous or exotic agents with a potential for respiratory transmission, and that may cause serious and potential lethal infection are being conducted here.
Secondary barriers for this level are highly required including controlled access to the laboratory and ventilation requirements to minimize the release of infectious aerosols from the laboratory while special engineering and design features are being considered.
\- microorganisms that cause serious disease, transmitted by inhalation like M. tuberculosis, yellow fever virus, Hantavirus.
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Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4)
Categories of Laboratory Biosafety According to Levels
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is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose high individual risks of life-threatening disease that may be transmitted via the aerosol route, for which there are no available vaccines or treatment.
The laboratory worker’s complete isolation from aerosolized infectious materials is accomplished primarily by working in a Class III biosafety cabinet or in a full-body, air-supplied positive-pressure personnel suit.
generally a separate building or completely isolated zone with specialized ventilation requirements and waste management systems.
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is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose high individual risks of life-threatening disease that may be transmitted via the aerosol route, for which there are no available vaccines or treatment.
The laboratory worker’s complete isolation from aerosolized infectious materials is accomplished primarily by working in a Class III biosafety cabinet or in a full-body, air-supplied positive-pressure personnel suit.
generally a separate building or completely isolated zone with specialized ventilation requirements and waste management systems.
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1. Define the situation
2. define the risks
3. characterize the risk
4. determine if risks are acceptable or not
Key Components of Biorisk Management
a. Risk assessment
a. Risk assessment
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1. Elimination
2. substitution
3. Engineering controls
4. administrative control
5. PPE
Key Components of Biorisk Management
b. Mitigation procedures
b. Mitigation procedures
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CHED
is the government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines that covers institutions of higher education both public and private. It is tasked to organize and appoint members of the technical panel for each discipline/program area
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Clinical Laboratory
an essential component of the health institutions. Its main task is to provide accurate and reliable information to medical doctors for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and management of diseases. Most clinical decisions of the doctors are based on the laboratory diagnosis/result
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Medical Technologist (Clinical Laboratory Scientist)
plays a very significant role in the performance of laboratory testing and ensuring the reliability of test results
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Clinical Pathology
a clinical laboratory that focuses on the areas of clinical chemistry, immuno-hematology and blood banking, medical microbiology, immunology and serology, hematology, parasitology, clinical microscopy, toxicology, therapeutic drug monitoring, and endocrinology.
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Anatomic Pathology
Is a clinical laboratory that focuses on the areas of histopathology, immunohistopathology, cytology, autopsy, and forensic pathology. It is concerned with the diagnosis of diseases through microscopic examination of tissues and organs
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Institution-based
Clinical laboratories according to institutional characteristics
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a clinical laboratory that operates within the premises or part of an institution such as a hospital, school, medical clinic, medical facility for overseas workers and seafarers, birthing home, psychiatric facility, drug rehabilitation center, etc. (Hospital-based clinical laboratories are the most common example of institution based laboratories).
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a clinical laboratory that operates within the premises or part of an institution such as a hospital, school, medical clinic, medical facility for overseas workers and seafarers, birthing home, psychiatric facility, drug rehabilitation center, etc. (Hospital-based clinical laboratories are the most common example of institution based laboratories).
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Free-standing
Clinical laboratories according to institutional characteristics
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Free-standing clinical laboratory is not part of an established institution. (Ex: free-standing out-patient clinical lab
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Free-standing clinical laboratory is not part of an established institution. (Ex: free-standing out-patient clinical lab
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Government-owned
Clinical laboratories according to ownership
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A clinical laboratory owned by the government either wholly or partially, by national or local government units.
Ex: Clinical & anatomical laboratories of DOH like: San Lazaro Hosp, Jose Reyes Memorial Medical Center, UP-PGH and local government run hospital-based clinical laboratories like: Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, Sta. Ana Hosp. etc
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A clinical laboratory owned by the government either wholly or partially, by national or local government units.
Ex: Clinical & anatomical laboratories of DOH like: San Lazaro Hosp, Jose Reyes Memorial Medical Center, UP-PGH and local government run hospital-based clinical laboratories like: Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, Sta. Ana Hosp. etc
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Privately-owned
Clinical laboratories according to ownership
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✧ Clinical laboratories that are established, owned, operated by an individual, corporation, association or organization.
✧ Ex: St. Luke’s, Makati Medical Ctr, etc. and local government run hospital-based clinical laboratories like: Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, Sta. Ana Hosp. etc.
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✧ Clinical laboratories that are established, owned, operated by an individual, corporation, association or organization.
✧ Ex: St. Luke’s, Makati Medical Ctr, etc. and local government run hospital-based clinical laboratories like: Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, Sta. Ana Hosp. etc.
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A. Primary category
Clinical laboratories according to service capability
✧ Clinical laboratories under primary category are licensed to perform basic, routine laboratory tests such as:
a. Rt. urinalysis
b. Rt. Stool exam. c. Hematology or CBC that includes the ff determinations:
◆ hemoglobin
◆ hematocrit
◆ WBC and RBC count
◆ WBC differential count
◆ qualitative Platelet count
◆ Blood typing
✧ Equipment requirements are: microscopes, centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge. Space requirement is at least 10 square meters.
✧ Clinical laboratories under primary category are licensed to perform basic, routine laboratory tests such as:
a. Rt. urinalysis
b. Rt. Stool exam. c. Hematology or CBC that includes the ff determinations:
◆ hemoglobin
◆ hematocrit
◆ WBC and RBC count
◆ WBC differential count
◆ qualitative Platelet count
◆ Blood typing
✧ Equipment requirements are: microscopes, centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge. Space requirement is at least 10 square meters.
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B. Secondary category (Hospital & non-hospital-based)
Clinical laboratories according to service capability
✧ This laboratory is licensed to perform laboratory tests being done by the primary category clin. lab. along with Rt. clinical chemistry tests like blood glucose detm., BUN, BUA, creatinine, cholesterol detm., platelet ct., Gram staining, KOH mount. With 20 sq.m. floor area.
✧ Minimum equipment required are: microscopes, centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge, semi-automated chemistry analyzer, autoclave, incubator and oven.
✧ This laboratory is licensed to perform laboratory tests being done by the primary category clin. lab. along with Rt. clinical chemistry tests like blood glucose detm., BUN, BUA, creatinine, cholesterol detm., platelet ct., Gram staining, KOH mount. With 20 sq.m. floor area.
✧ Minimum equipment required are: microscopes, centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge, semi-automated chemistry analyzer, autoclave, incubator and oven.
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C. Tertiary category (Hosp. & non-hospital based)
Clinical laboratories according to service capability
✧ The laboratory under this category are licensed to perform all the laboratory tests performed in the secondary category lab. plus
a.) immunology & serology
b.) microbiology, bacteriology, and mycology ( C&S of bacteria and fungi)
c.) special clinical chemistry (clin. enzymology, drug testing, markers for certain diseases (tumor markers) 20
d.) special hematology (bone marrow studies, etc.;) immunohematology and blood banking (blood donation program, antibody screening & identification, preparation of blood components.
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have a minimum floor area of at least 60 square meters. Equipment required include those seen in secondary lab. Along with automated chemistry analyzer, biosafety cabinet class II, serofuge, etc.
✧ The laboratory under this category are licensed to perform all the laboratory tests performed in the secondary category lab. plus
a.) immunology & serology
b.) microbiology, bacteriology, and mycology ( C&S of bacteria and fungi)
c.) special clinical chemistry (clin. enzymology, drug testing, markers for certain diseases (tumor markers) 20
d.) special hematology (bone marrow studies, etc.;) immunohematology and blood banking (blood donation program, antibody screening & identification, preparation of blood components.
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have a minimum floor area of at least 60 square meters. Equipment required include those seen in secondary lab. Along with automated chemistry analyzer, biosafety cabinet class II, serofuge, etc.
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Republic Act # 4688
An act regulating the operation and maintenance of clinical laboratories and requiring its registration with the department of health, providing penalty for the violation thereof.
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Blood Bank / Immunohematology
Sections of Clinical Laboratory
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✧ prepares blood components, derivatives, and products for transfusion. Blood typing and compatibility testing are the two main activities performed in this section.
✧ Blood Bank ensures that the donor is free of infectious diseases. It is also where routine and specialized compatibility tests are being done and where blood components, derivatives and products of transfusion are being prepared.
✧ This section is considered as the most critical in the clinical laboratory. In hospital-based clinical laboratories, blood donation activities prompt other activities such as donor recruitment and screening, bleeding of donor, and post-donation care.
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✧ prepares blood components, derivatives, and products for transfusion. Blood typing and compatibility testing are the two main activities performed in this section.
✧ Blood Bank ensures that the donor is free of infectious diseases. It is also where routine and specialized compatibility tests are being done and where blood components, derivatives and products of transfusion are being prepared.
✧ This section is considered as the most critical in the clinical laboratory. In hospital-based clinical laboratories, blood donation activities prompt other activities such as donor recruitment and screening, bleeding of donor, and post-donation care.
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Bacteriology
Sections of Clinical Laboratory
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✧ is where patients samples are examined microscopically for agents of infectious diseases. Specimens that can be examined may come from wounds, throats, eye, blood, body fluids, and many other body sites. The agents that are detected may be bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses. This section also tests the variou antibiotics to determine the best agent for therapy.
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✧ is where patients samples are examined microscopically for agents of infectious diseases. Specimens that can be examined may come from wounds, throats, eye, blood, body fluids, and many other body sites. The agents that are detected may be bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses. This section also tests the variou antibiotics to determine the best agent for therapy.
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Clinical Chemistry
Sections of Clinical Laboratory
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✧ this section is where patients’ blood and other body fluids are checked for various chemical components with the use of a machine or done manually.
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✧ this section is where patients’ blood and other body fluids are checked for various chemical components with the use of a machine or done manually.
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Hematology and Coagulation Studies
Sections of Clinical Laboratory
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✧ This Section performs routine and special tests on the components of whole blood such as the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
✧ The section also performs cell counts, differential counts, and other microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other body fluids.
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✧ This Section performs routine and special tests on the components of whole blood such as the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
✧ The section also performs cell counts, differential counts, and other microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other body fluids.
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Clinical Microscopy
Sections of Clinical Laboratory
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✧ There are two major areas in this section of the laboratory. The first area is allotted to routine and other special examinations of urine such as macroscopic examinations to determine color, transparency, specific gravity, and pH level, and microscopic examinations to detect the presence of abnormal cells and/or parasites as well as to quantify red cells and WBC and other chemicals found in urine. Examination of other body fluids is also performed in this area. The second area is assigned to the examination of stool or routine fecalysis. Detection and identification or parasitic worms and ova are the primary activities in this area.
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✧ There are two major areas in this section of the laboratory. The first area is allotted to routine and other special examinations of urine such as macroscopic examinations to determine color, transparency, specific gravity, and pH level, and microscopic examinations to detect the presence of abnormal cells and/or parasites as well as to quantify red cells and WBC and other chemicals found in urine. Examination of other body fluids is also performed in this area. The second area is assigned to the examination of stool or routine fecalysis. Detection and identification or parasitic worms and ova are the primary activities in this area.
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Immunology and Serology
Sections of Clinical Laboratory
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✧ Analyses of serum antibodies in certain infectious agents ( primarily viral agents) are performed in this section. Hepatitis B profile tests, serological tests for syphilis, and tests for hepatitis C and dengue fever are some examples of antibody screening tests
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✧ Analyses of serum antibodies in certain infectious agents ( primarily viral agents) are performed in this section. Hepatitis B profile tests, serological tests for syphilis, and tests for hepatitis C and dengue fever are some examples of antibody screening tests
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Cytology
✧ section examines smear of body fluids for evidence of inflammation, cancer, and other conditions.
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Histopathology section
✧ is where surgical specimens are examined at the microscopic level for pathologic diagnosis and interpretation.
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Immunohistochemistry
Specialized Sections of the Laboratory
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✧ a specialized section of the laboratory that combines anatomical, clinical, and biochemical techniques where antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal) bounded to enzymes and fluorescent dyes are used to detect presence of antigens in tissue. This is useful in the diagnosis of some types of cancers by detecting the presence of tumor-specific antigens, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes.
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✧ a specialized section of the laboratory that combines anatomical, clinical, and biochemical techniques where antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal) bounded to enzymes and fluorescent dyes are used to detect presence of antigens in tissue. This is useful in the diagnosis of some types of cancers by detecting the presence of tumor-specific antigens, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes.
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Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Specialized Sections of the Laboratory
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✧ Uses different enzymes and other reagents, DNA and RNA are identified and sequenced to detect any pathologic conditions/disease processes. The most common technique currently in use is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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✧ Uses different enzymes and other reagents, DNA and RNA are identified and sequenced to detect any pathologic conditions/disease processes. The most common technique currently in use is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Blood
Type of specimens used in Clinical Pathology
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is used in many tests. is usually drawn with a needle from the vein, usually in the forearm.
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is used in many tests. is usually drawn with a needle from the vein, usually in the forearm.
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Urine
Type of specimens used in Clinical Pathology
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✧ is also used for a wide range of tests. Urine specimens can be obtained by:
✧ Random method – the patient urinates in a small container.
✧ Clean catch specimen – the outer genital area has been cleaned before urinating in a container
✧ Sterile – this needs catheterization (a tube is inserted into the urethra and goes to the bladder)
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✧ is also used for a wide range of tests. Urine specimens can be obtained by:
✧ Random method – the patient urinates in a small container.
✧ Clean catch specimen – the outer genital area has been cleaned before urinating in a container
✧ Sterile – this needs catheterization (a tube is inserted into the urethra and goes to the bladder)
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Sputum
Type of specimens used in Clinical Pathology
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can be coughed into a clean container
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can be coughed into a clean container
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Feces
Type of specimens used in Clinical Pathology
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or stool is usually collected by the patient in a clean container.
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or stool is usually collected by the patient in a clean container.
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Laboratory Testing Cycle
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✧ This cycle has three phases, namely: pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic. The pre-analytic phase includes the receipt of the laboratory request, patient preparation, specimen collection, and proper transport and processing of specimen to the clinical laboratory.
✧ The analytic phase deals with the actual testing of the submitted / collected specimen. The post-analytic phase includes the transmission of test results to the medical doctor for interpretation, TAT, and application of doctor’s recommendations. The diagnosis and treatment are based on the generated data.
✧ This cycle has three phases, namely: pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic. The pre-analytic phase includes the receipt of the laboratory request, patient preparation, specimen collection, and proper transport and processing of specimen to the clinical laboratory.
✧ The analytic phase deals with the actual testing of the submitted / collected specimen. The post-analytic phase includes the transmission of test results to the medical doctor for interpretation, TAT, and application of doctor’s recommendations. The diagnosis and treatment are based on the generated data.
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PAMET
is the accredited professional organization and the leading national organization for Registered Medical Technologists in the Philippines.
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PASMETH
is the only professional organization of schools for Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science
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a. professionalism
b. education
c. perks
d. networking
e. profile
f. recognition
b. education
c. perks
d. networking
e. profile
f. recognition
Benefits of Membership in Professional Organizations
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Accrediting Organizations
Types of Professional Organizations
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accredit curricular programs in educational institutions. An educational institution applying for accreditation will then be visited by a technical committee of experts from the accrediting agency to verify its compliance to the standards of quality education.
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accredit curricular programs in educational institutions. An educational institution applying for accreditation will then be visited by a technical committee of experts from the accrediting agency to verify its compliance to the standards of quality education.
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Credentialing/Certifying Organizations
Types of Professional Organizations
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these organizations provide certification examinations for professionals. Certified professionals are required to renew their licenses within a specified duration
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these organizations provide certification examinations for professionals. Certified professionals are required to renew their licenses within a specified duration
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Professional Societies
Types of Professional Organizations
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are organizations that contribute to the continued development of a specific group of professionals. Membership in a national society follows membership in its local affiliate / chapter.
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are organizations that contribute to the continued development of a specific group of professionals. Membership in a national society follows membership in its local affiliate / chapter.
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PHISMETS
is the national organization of all medical technology students under the supervision of PASMETH.
It was first organized in 2002 during the leadership of former PASMETH president, Dr. Zenaida Cajucom
It was first organized in 2002 during the leadership of former PASMETH president, Dr. Zenaida Cajucom
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Health Care Wastes
refer to all solid or liquid wastes generated by any of the following activities:
a. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization of humans;
b. Research, pertaining to diagnosis, treatment, and immunization of humans;
c. Research using laboratory animals geared towards improvement of human health;
d. Production and testing of biological products; and
e. Other activities performed by a health care facility that generates wastes.
a. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization of humans;
b. Research, pertaining to diagnosis, treatment, and immunization of humans;
c. Research using laboratory animals geared towards improvement of human health;
d. Production and testing of biological products; and
e. Other activities performed by a health care facility that generates wastes.
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Infectious Waste
Category of Health care wastes
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refers to all wastes suspected to contain pathogens or toxins in sufficient concentration that may cause disease to a susceptible host. This includes discarded materials or equipment used for diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with infectious diseases.
✧ Ex. Solid wastes such as dressings, sputum cups, urine containers, discarded microbial cultures, blood bags, liquid wastes with infections such as blood, urine, vomitus, and other body secretions, and food wastes coming from patients with highly infectious diseases
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refers to all wastes suspected to contain pathogens or toxins in sufficient concentration that may cause disease to a susceptible host. This includes discarded materials or equipment used for diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with infectious diseases.
✧ Ex. Solid wastes such as dressings, sputum cups, urine containers, discarded microbial cultures, blood bags, liquid wastes with infections such as blood, urine, vomitus, and other body secretions, and food wastes coming from patients with highly infectious diseases
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Pathological and Anatomical Waste
Category of Health care wastes
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refers to tissue sections and body fluids or organs derived from biopsies, autopsies, or surgical procedures sent to the laboratory for examination
✧ Ex. Internal organs, and tissues used for histopathological examinations.
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refers to tissue sections and body fluids or organs derived from biopsies, autopsies, or surgical procedures sent to the laboratory for examination
✧ Ex. Internal organs, and tissues used for histopathological examinations.
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Sharps
Category of Health care wastes
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refer to waste items that can cause cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds. ✧ Ex. Used syringes, blood lancets, surgical knives, etc
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refer to waste items that can cause cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds. ✧ Ex. Used syringes, blood lancets, surgical knives, etc
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Chemical Waste
Category of Health care wastes
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refers to discarded chemicals (solid, liquid, or gaseous) generated during disinfection and sterilization procedures.
✧ Ex. laboratory reagents, X-ray film developing solutions, disinfectants and soaking solutions, used batteries, concentrated ammonia solutions, concentrated hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, etc. Chemicals are considered hazardous when they are:
● Toxic ● Corrosive ● Flammable ● Reactive
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refers to discarded chemicals (solid, liquid, or gaseous) generated during disinfection and sterilization procedures.
✧ Ex. laboratory reagents, X-ray film developing solutions, disinfectants and soaking solutions, used batteries, concentrated ammonia solutions, concentrated hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, etc. Chemicals are considered hazardous when they are:
● Toxic ● Corrosive ● Flammable ● Reactive
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Pharmaceutical Waste
Category of Health care wastes
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refers to expired, split, and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, and vaccines including discarded items used in handling pharmaceuticals.
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refers to expired, split, and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, and vaccines including discarded items used in handling pharmaceuticals.
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Radioactive Waste
Category of Health care wastes
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refers to wastes exposed to radio-nuclides including radioactive diagnostic materials or radio-therapeutic materials.
✧ Ex: Cobalt, technetium, iodine, and iridium, irradiated blood products, and contaminated waste, patient’s excretion, and all materials used by patients exposed to radio-nuclides w/in 48 hours
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refers to wastes exposed to radio-nuclides including radioactive diagnostic materials or radio-therapeutic materials.
✧ Ex: Cobalt, technetium, iodine, and iridium, irradiated blood products, and contaminated waste, patient’s excretion, and all materials used by patients exposed to radio-nuclides w/in 48 hours
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Non-hazardous or General Waste
Category of Health care wastes
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refer to wastes that do not pose hazard.
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refer to wastes that do not pose hazard.
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Waste treatment
is the process of changing the biological and chemical characteristics of waste to minimize its potential to cause harm.
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Waste disposal
refers to discharging, depositing, placing, or releasing any health care waste into air, land, or water. Not all types of wastes require treatment. For example, food wastes from in-patients can be disposed of through composting without the need for treatment. But there are some materials that need to be treated first before disposal like, effluent wastewater from hospitals, this needs to undergo sewage treatment prior to its release to the environment.
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Segregation
is the process of separating different types of waste at the point of generation until their final disposal.
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Color of Container / bag
Black Non-infectious dry waste
Green Non-infectious wet waste (kitchen, dietary etc.)
Yellow (yellow plastic that can withstand autoclaving w/ 0.009 mm thickness)- Infectious and Pathological waste
Yellow w/ black band has 0.009 mm thickness -Chemical waste including those w/ heavy metals -Pharmaceutical Waste
Orange has 0.009 mm thickness Radioactive waste
Red puncture-proof container with wide mouth and cover - Sharps and pressurized containers
Black Non-infectious dry waste
Green Non-infectious wet waste (kitchen, dietary etc.)
Yellow (yellow plastic that can withstand autoclaving w/ 0.009 mm thickness)- Infectious and Pathological waste
Yellow w/ black band has 0.009 mm thickness -Chemical waste including those w/ heavy metals -Pharmaceutical Waste
Orange has 0.009 mm thickness Radioactive waste
Red puncture-proof container with wide mouth and cover - Sharps and pressurized containers
Color Coding for Waste Segregation in Health Care Facilities
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Pyrolysis
Methods used in the Treatment of Health Care Wastes
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is the thermal decomposition of health care wastes in the absence of supplied molecular oxygen in the destruction chamber where the said waste is converted into gaseous, liquid, or solid form
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is the thermal decomposition of health care wastes in the absence of supplied molecular oxygen in the destruction chamber where the said waste is converted into gaseous, liquid, or solid form
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Autoclave
Methods used in the Treatment of Health Care Wastes
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is the use of steam sterilization to render waste harmless and is an efficient wet thermal disinfection process. This method makes use of pressure and heat at 121oC w/ 15 psi pressure for 15-30 mins.
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is the use of steam sterilization to render waste harmless and is an efficient wet thermal disinfection process. This method makes use of pressure and heat at 121oC w/ 15 psi pressure for 15-30 mins.
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Microwave
Methods used in the Treatment of Health Care Wastes
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is a technology that typically incorporates some type of size reduction device. Temperature used is 100oC (237.6oF) for 30 mins
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is a technology that typically incorporates some type of size reduction device. Temperature used is 100oC (237.6oF) for 30 mins
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Chemical disinfection
Methods used in the Treatment of Health Care Wastes
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chemicals like sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, and heated alkali are added to health care wastes to kill or inactivate present pathogens
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chemicals like sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, and heated alkali are added to health care wastes to kill or inactivate present pathogens
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Biological process
Methods used in the Treatment of Health Care Wastes
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uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate health care wastes.
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uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate health care wastes.
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6\. Encapsulation
Methods used in the Treatment of Health Care Wastes
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involves the filling of containers with waste, adding and immobilizing material, and sealing the containers.
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involves the filling of containers with waste, adding and immobilizing material, and sealing the containers.
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Inertization
Methods used in the Treatment of Health Care Wastes
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is especially suitable for pharmaceutical waste that involves the mixing of waste with cement and other substances before disposal.
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is especially suitable for pharmaceutical waste that involves the mixing of waste with cement and other substances before disposal.
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Phlebotomy
the act of drawing or removing blood from the circulatory system through a cut (incision) or puncture in order to obtain a sample for analysis and diagnosis.
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General hospital
a hospital that provides a range of different services for patients of various age groups and with varying disease conditions
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Specialized hospital
a hospital admitting primarily patients suffering from a specific disease or affection of one system, or reserved for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting a specific age group or of a long-term nature.
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District/first-level referral hospital
a hospital at the first referral level that is responsible for a district or a defined geographical area containing a defined population and governed by a politico-administrative organization such as a district health management team.
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. Primary Health-care Center
a center that provides services which are usually the first point of contact with a health professional. They include services provided by general practitioners, dentists, community nurses, pharmacists and midwives, among others
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Birth centers.
a healthcare facility for childbirth that focuses on the midwifery model. They aim to create a birth environment that feels more comfortable to the mother and allows for a cost-effective, family-inclusive birth.
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Blood banks
Blood banks allow donors to donate blood and platelets while also storing and sorting blood into components that can be used most effectively by patients.