Medical Interventions Semester Exam Review - PLTW

all test questions from unit one

What is a pathogen

A specific causative agent of a disease

A(n) _______ is anything that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies

antigen

What is an outbreak?*

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease

X-Rays fall into which category of medical intervention:

Diagnosis

Paul broke his arm, got an x-ray, had bone reset and took pain medication. He did not experience

A. the use of a medical device

B. surgery

C. any pharmacological treatment

D. a form of preventative care

a form of preventative care

The ELISA Assay we did is an example of which category of medical intervention?

diagnostics

Which of these is not a medical intervention?*

A. Urine test

B. Bandages

C. CT Scan (cat scan)

D. All of these are medical interventions

D. All of these are medical interventions

The image below is an example of which category of medical intervention?

Medical devices

 

The main purpose of ______ is to improve health or alter the course of a disease

medical intervention

The field of science that combines biology, computers, and information technology to store and analyze genetic data

bioinformatics

What letter(s) is/are used to represent an unknown piece of DNA, where nucleotides aren't clear?

N

What pathogen was identified using BLAST with Sue's sequence data?

neisseria meningitidis

Why is PCR used in the process of genetic sequencing?

To make enough copies of the DNA that it can be tested and measured

 

An organisms genes, or its genetic material, are known as

Genome

What sort of BLAST did we do in chapter 1.

nucleotide blast

What does BLAST do in this lab?

compares the DNA sequence you enter to known DNA sequences

In DNA sequencing, the automatic sequencer was used with pieces of DNA of different lengths. What was at the end of each DNA fragment?

A fluorescently tagged dideoxynucleotide (ddntp)

An interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software to understand biological data.

bioinformatics

Determine the DNA sequence from the electropherogram below.

CTGAC

Each colored peak on this graph represent

a different nucleotide

What disease did they discover Sue had?

Meningitis (meningococcal)

Can the disease Sue had be prevented via vaccine?

Yes, and it's very effective

 

The main purpose of the PCR amplification process is to

copy the bacterial DNA

If the original stock in tube #1 contains 6000 ng/mL how many ng/mL is the final tube #4

0.6

 

The first well has a 100% concentration of chemical. Wells 2-12 have 50uL of dilution buffer in them. When a serial dilution is made, what percent is well 4?

12.5 %

All of the following are examples of ELISA tests, EXCEPT:*

A. Drug Screens

B. Affinity Chromatography

C. Disease Detection Tests

D. Pregnancy Tests

E. Food Allergens

B. Affinity Chromatography

Why is important to have an enzyme attached to the secondary antibody?

so that it will react with the substrate to produce a color change

What is occurring in this image?

Antibodies are binding to antigens to mark for destruction

1st step of an ELISA

Add patient samples to the 96 well plate to allow proteins to stick to the plastic

2nd step of an ELIZA

Wash plates with wash buffer to remove excess molecules

3rd step of an ELIZA

Add primary antibodies and incubate

4th step of an ELIZA

Wash plates with wash buffer to remove excess molecules

5th step of an ELIZA

Add enzyme-tagged secondary antibodies and incubate

6th step of an ELIZA

Wash plates with wash buffer to remove excess molecules

7th step of an ELIZA

Add enzyme substrate to the wells and a blue color begins to form

8th step of an ELIZA

Add a stop solution to halt the reaction

What does ELIZA stand for

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

The molecule on which an enzyme acts is the ______________________

substrate

Meningitis is related with the brain because it causes inflammation of

the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

What is the relationship between an antibody and an antigen?

3 ways

Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies

Antibodies bind to the surface of an antigen

Antibodies are specific to antigens (only one specific antigen)

What did we use to move the liquids into wells and between wells?

Micropipet or Micropipetor

What is the role of the blue triangle in this image of an ELISA assay?

It symbolizes the antigen the test is screening for

What color is a positive ELISA test?

Blue

According to the results, which patient most likely had the infection first?

D

What was in the second set of wells (13-24) in our ELIZA

3 positive controls, 3 negative controls, and samples from two patients

What did it mean when the directions said to incubate the wells at room temperature?

Allow the reaction to continue; nothing is done to the wells.

In our experiment, TMB was the

substrate

What was in the "standard curve", wells 1-12?

A serial dilution to help us determine concentration

What did our ELISA test check for?

Meningitis in cerebrospinal fluid

what does CSF stand for

cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following contain DNA?

A. nucleoid

B. plasmid

C. nucleus

D. all of them

D. all of them

Part of cell which is composed of peptidoglycan in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

cell wall

Which image is the bacterium that is responsible for causing meningitis?

A

This type of antibiotic inhibits the folic acid synthesis pathway in bacterial cells

Sulfonamides

Which structure allows for the transfer of genetic material during conjugation by extending to a neighboring bacterium?

AB

Which structure is involved in motility?

CD

Which part of a bacterial cell allows the bacteria to attach to specific surfaces and sometimes protects bacterial cells from human immune response?

capsule

A substance produced by or taken from a microorganism (i.e. a fungus or bacteria) that is able to inhibit bacterial growth is called an

antibiotics

Which is the ribosome?

d

What term identifies an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria- both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

broad spectrum antibiotics

What is the structural difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?

Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

This type of antibiotic irreversibly inhibits enzymes involved in the final steps of cell wall synthesis

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Which of the following antibiotics blocks the attachment of tRNA to the ribosome preventing protein synthesis?

tetracycline

Extra circular pieces of DNA that bacterial cells have in addition to their genome DNA.

plasmids

Antibiotics that target bacterial cell wall synthesis:

Penicillin (beta-lactam)

Neisseria meningitidis is a gram _____ that stains _____

Gram negative bacteria that gram stains pink

This type of antibiotic prevents the continuation of protein synthesis

tetracyclines

Why might an antibiotic not be as effective with E.coli as it is against B.cereus

Because E.coli has a second cell wall that is composed of materials that are more resistant to most antibiotics

Which of the following would not contain a nucleus?

A. Meningitis

B. E.coli

C. B.cereus

D. All of them

D. All of them

transduction

Antibiotics that target bacterial protein synthesis:

tetracyclines

which contains the cell’s DNA

e

Penicillin is a type of

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

 

This type of antibiotic inhibits the supercoiling of the chromosomal DNA within the bacterial cells.

Fluoroquinolones

When measuring the clear area around antibiotic discs, you measure the

diameter

the plasma membrane is which structure?

C

Which structure can be transferred to another bacterium?

E

What term identifies the clear zones seen around some antibiotics?

zone of inhibition

An endotoxin is a macromolecule that is found on the

outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

Protein factories in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

ribosomes

Seth has taken a job at the CDC where he will be testing bacteria for antibiotic resistance. There is a suspected case of antibiotic resistant Neisseria meningitidis. The test results are picture below. Based on the test results, which antibiotic would be the best to use on the patient that is infected with this strain?

C

A bacterial culture is several days old. Many of the bacterial cells have ruptured and released DNA into the nutrient agar. A few living bacterial cells in the culture have become genetically-enhanced by taking this DNA into the cytoplasm and are now resistant to ampicillin. This explains which of the following processes?

transformation

Recombinant DNA plasmid can be inserted with the help of a virus into a bacteria through the process of

transduction

In the following experiment, you will work with two strains of E.coli. The first strain, E.coli I, contains a gene found on the plasmid DNA coding for ciprofloxacin resistance. The second strain, E.coli II, contains a gene found on the chromosomal DNA coding for penicillin resistance. You will streak both strains on each of the plates below onto half of the plate that corresponds with the strain number. Predict the growth pattern for each strain after a 24-hour incubation:

 

What happens to the most resistant bacteria (red chips in the activity), when you take your antibiotic but skip every other day

They rise faster when compared with the least resistant (blue) and resistant bacteria (yellow)

In the following experiment, you will work with two strains of E.coli. The first strain, E.coli I, contains a gene found on the plasmid DNA coding for ciprofloxacin resistance. The second strain, E.coli II, contains a gene found on the chromosomal DNA coding for penicillin resistance. You will streak both strains on each of the plates below onto half of the plate that corresponds with the strain number. What can you say about this experiment:

the student is working with a dead E.coli II strain

You are prescribed an antibiotic for a bacterial infection in your upper respiratory tract and take the medication as prescribed. Which of the following is most accurate?

The bacterial strains least resistant to the antibiotic will die first.

A pump that acts as a channel to actively export antimicrobial compounds out of the cell is known as

efflux

This method of antibiotic resistance results from enzymes that degrade the antimicrobial agent

destruction or inactivation

 

In the Attack of the Superbugs lab, genetic information was transferred by

conjugation

Penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus produce enzymes called beta-lactamases that bind to and break the beta-lactam ring found in penicillin. This is an example of antibiotic resistance due to

destruction or inactivation

E.coli strain A is coded for streptomycin resistance via chromosomal DNA. E.coli strain B is coded for ampicillin resistance via plasmid DNA. The two strains conjugate. What will be the antibiotic resistance for strain A after conjugation?

Strain A will be resistant to both antibiotics

In the Attack of the Superbugs lab, the ampicillin resistance was found on the plasmid and the streptomycin resistance was found on the chromosome. During the mixing,

the ampicillin resistance was transferred over to the streptomycin resistance bacteria

A student runs an experiment using a petri dish with agar containing the antibiotic Streptomycin. The student streaks the dish with two different strains of Streptococcus aureus. Both strains do not grow on the dish. Assuming everything was done correctly, what is the best explanation for these results?

It is too difficult to tell what happened because there was no control plate of nutrient agar

One of the Centers for Disease Control's highest concerns is the increasing number of antibiotic resistant bacteria - Superbugs. For bacteria to become Superbugs, they must mutate, and for bacteria to mutate, they must change genetic information in some way. What are two ways that bacteria carry genetic information that can be affected or lead to gene change in the organism?

chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA

Antibiotic resistance in which the antibiotic is pumped out of the cell before it reaches the target site is called

efflux

When taking antibiotics, it is important

take the medication as directed

On Day 2 you take a loopful from both E.coli I and II strains and mix them together, creating a mixed plate and then incubate for 24 hours. The resulting mixed plate culture is then streaked on each of the plates shown here. Name the mechanism of gene transfer that accounts for this:

conjugation

What could cause conductive hearing loss?

A. fluid build-up behind the eardrum

B. damaged ossicles

C. a torn eardrum

D. all of these

all of these

A high-frequency (short wavelength) sound will be

high pitched