phsycology test

stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

operant conditioning

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

pavlov's dog

an experiment done to show classical conditioning regarding food and a bell

little albert

behaviorism and classical conditioning principles: generalization of fear, little albert shown rat and loud noise, then afraid of white objects

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

recall memory

requires active retrieval without the aid of cues

recognition memory

the identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier

storage encoding

retention; acquisition

retrieval encoding

Retrieval can be increased by matching the conditions at two different events

sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

working memory

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

long term memory

the relatively permanent storage of information

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

flashbulb memory

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.

semantic memory

memory for knowledge about the world

Deja Vu

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

misinformation effect

when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event