Chapter 9

Primary Reinforcer

A consequence that functions as a reinforcer because it is important in sustaining life of the individual or the continuation of the species

Conditioned Reinforcers

Consequences that function as reinforcers only after learning occurs

Token Economy

A set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent conditioned reinforcers that may be later exchanged for one or more backup reinforcers

Backup Reinforcer

The reinforcer provided after the conditioned reinforcer signals the delay reduction to its deliver

Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers

Use an effective backup reinforcer, use a salient conditioned reinforcer, use a conditioned reinforcer that signals a large delay reduction to the backup reinforcer, make sure the conditioned reinforcer is not redundant 

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

Conditioned reinforcer signals a delay reduction to more than one backup reinforcer

Marking

The conditioned reinforcer immediately follows the response, and this helps the individual learn which response produced the backup reinforcer 

Shaping

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior

Flow

A state in which one feels immersed in a rewarding activity in which we lose track of time and self

Percentile Schedule of Reinforcement

A simple, automated training technique incorporating the six principles of effective shaping