Neuroscience

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A) Sensory function

B) Integrative function

C) Motor function

D) All are functions of the nervous system

E) None are functions of the nervous system

All are functions of the nervous system

Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability?

A) Muscle cells

B) Neurons

C) endocrine cells

D) liver cells

E) Both muscle and neurons

Both muscle and neurons

Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?

A) mitochondria

B) nucleus

C) Nissl body

D) Golgi apparatus

E) nucleolus

Nissl body

Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?

A) mitochondria

B) nucleus

C) rough endoplasmic reticulum

D) Golgi apparatus

E) nucleolus

rough endoplasmic reticulum

With respect to neurons, the term “nerve fiber” refers to

A) an axon.

B) a dendrite

C) a Nissl body.

D) both axons and dendrites.

E) all of these choices

an axon.

This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body.

A) Multipolar neuron

B) Bipolar neuron

C) Unipolar neuron

D) Purkinje cell

E) Renshaw cell

Bipolar neuron

This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells.

A) Gray matter

B) White matter

C) Nissl bodies

D) Ganglia

E) Nuclei

Gray matter

This part of the neuron contains the nucleus and Nissl bodies.

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) E

E) Both A and B

B

This part of a neuron contains the nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann's cell that has formed a myelin sheath around the axon.

A) C

B) D

C) E

D) F

E) G

C) E

In the diagram, where is the axon collateral?

A) C

B) D

C) F

D) H

E) I

A) C

In the diagram, where are axon terminals?

A) H & I

B) G

C) H

D) I

E) A

A) H & I

Which of the neurons is considered to be a bipolar neuron?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) All of the neurons.

E) None of the neurons

D) All of the neurons.

Neurons comprise two types of processes: axons and dendrites. What is the major difference between the two? Choose the correct option.

A) Dendrites are of uniform diameter throughout while axons taper to a point.

B) Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons while axons carry the output of the neurons.

C) A cell body gives rise to a single dendrite and multiple axons.

D) Dendrites travel long distances while axons taper to a point.

E) Dendrites send information to other neurons

Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons while axons carry the output of the neurons.

A scientist looks through a microscope at the structure of the neuron. The scientist notices a layer of molecules separating the neuron's intracellular space from the extracellular space. What is this part of the neuron known as?

A) Organelle

B) Soma

C) Neuronal membrane

D) Nuclear envelope

E) Ion channels

Neuronal membrane

What do you understand by the term “translation”?

A) Assembling a piece of mRNA

B) Assembling proteins from amino acids

C) Removal of introns and specific exons

D) The “reading” of DNA

E) The reading of genes

Assembling proteins from amino acids

What is the most important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A) RNA splicing

B) Post-translational protein processing

C) Site of protein synthesis

D) Cellular respiration

E) protein packaging

Site of protein synthesis

Identify an important difference between the cytoplasm of the axon and that of the axon terminal.

A) Protein content of the membrane differs from the soma

B) Occurrence of protein synthesis

C) Presence of ribosomes

D) Large numbers of mitochondria

E) Small numbers of mitochondria

Large numbers of mitochondria

What is the function of a neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane?

A) Release synaptic vesicles

B) Detect neurotransmitters

C) Destroy extra neurotransmitter left in the synaptic cleft

D) Form gap junctions

E) Activate the cell

Detect neurotransmitters

Which of the following is the largest of the cytoskeletal elements?

A) Microfilament

B) Neurofilament

C) Microtubule

D) Tubulin

E) Nissle bodies

Microtubule

What is retrograde axoplasmic transport?

A) Movement of material from axon terminal to soma

B) Movement of material from soma to axon terminal

C) Movement of material within the synaptic terminal

D) Movement of material among axon collaterals

E) None of the above

Movement of material from axon terminal to soma

What is the site where the axon begins?

A) Soma

B) Axon hillock

C) Axon collateral

D) Axon terminal

E) myelin sheeth

Axon hillock

The watery fluid inside a neuron is called:

A) Cytoplasm

B) Synaptic cleft

C) Synaptic terminal

D) Cytosol

E) Plasma

Cytosol

The part of the neuron containing all the neuronal contents apart from the nucleus is called the:

A) Cytoplasm

B) Cytosol

C) Neurofilaments

D) Soma

E) Actin filaments

Cytoplasm

This organelle is the major site of mRNA Transcription:

A) Mitochondria

B) Nucleus

C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

D) Ribosome

E) Golgi

Nucleus

This organelle is the major site for protein synthesis:

A) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

B) mitochondria

C) Nucleus

D) Lysosome

E) Golgi

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

This organelle is important for preparing/ proteins for delivery to different cell regions

A) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

B) Ribosome

C) Nucleus

D) Lysosome

E) Golgi

Golgi

This organelle is part of the Cytoskeleton of neurons

A) Microfilaments

B) Ribosome

C) Nucleus

D) Lysosome

E) Golgi

Microfilaments

Which of the following are CNS glia

Select one or more:

a. Astrocyte

b. Satellite Glial Cell

c. Schwann Cells

d. Oligodendrocyte

e. Microglia

Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

Microglia

Which of the following is true of the blood-brain barrier?

Select one or more:

a. it makes the CNS 'immune privileged'

b. it is formed by endothelial cells

c. it prevent alcohol from entering the brain

d. it transports glucose into the brain

it makes the CNS 'immune privileged'

it is formed by endothelial cells,

it transports glucose into the brain,

Which of these are functions of glia?

Select one or more:

a. immune functions

b. regulation of extracellular potassium

c. injury responses

d. uptake of glutamate

e. myelination

immune functions

regulation of extracellular potassium

injury responses

uptake of glutamate

myelination

How does myelin increase speed of conduction in nerves 

Select one or more:

a. contains glutamate receptors

b. makes the neuronal membrane more excitable

c. provides energy for axons

d. contains potassium channels

e. provides electrical insulation

provides electrical insulation

Which of the following are true concerning injury in the CNS and PNS

Select one or more:

a. Regeneration in the CNS fails because the glial scar inhibits regeneration

b. Schwann cells inhibit regeneration in the PNS

c. The CNS regenerates readily following injury

d. Schwann cells promote regeneration in the PNS

e. astrocytes respond by forming a glial scar in the CNS

Regeneration in the CNS fails because the glial scar inhibits regeneration

Schwann cells promote regeneration in the PNS

astrocytes respond by forming a glial scar in the CNS

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A) chemical synapses

B) electrical synapses

C) ligand-gated channels

D) voltage-gated channels

E) mechanically-gated channels

electrical synapses

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A) depolarizes

B) repolarizes

C) hyperpolarizes

D) does not affect the polarity of

E) moves across channels in

depolarizes

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A) remove a neurotransmitter

B) stop a spatial summation

C) continue a temporal summation

D) inhibit a presynaptic potential

E) excite a presynaptic potential

remove a neurotransmitter

Which of the following neurotransmitters are used in virtually all of the inhibitory synapses?

A) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine

B) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

C) epinephrine and norepinephrine

D) serotonin and melatonin

E) glutamate and aspartate

gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

A neurotransmitter that binds to an ionotropic receptor that contains a chloride channel would be classified as an

A) inhibitory neurotransmitter and would produce an EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron.

B) inhibitory neurotransmitter and would produce an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron.

C) excitatory neurotransmitter and would produce an EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron.

D) excitatory neurotransmitter and would produce an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron.

E) excitatory neuropeptide and would hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron.

inhibitory neurotransmitter and would produce an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron.

What are second messengers?

A) Molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol

B) Voltage-gated ion channels

C) Peptide neurotransmitters

D) Special proteins that span a 3-nm gap between two cell membranes

E) Receptors

Molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol

How are released neurotransmitters cleared from the synaptic cleft?

A) Enzymatic destruction and diffusion

B) Exocytosis

C) Endocytosis

D) Enzymatic destruction and diffusion; Exocytosis; Endocytosis

E) None of the above

Enzymatic destruction and diffusion; Exocytosis; Endocytosis

What is the effect of activating G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors A

) Activate effector proteins such as ion channels

B) Activate enzymes that generate intracellular second messengers

C) Activate effector proteins such as ion channels or those that generate intracellular second messengers

D) Neither does it activate effector proteins such as ion channels nor those that generate intracellular second messengers

E) Neuronal inhibition

Activate effector proteins such as ion channels or those that generate intracellular second messengers D) Neither does

Where is ChAT produced?

A) Axon terminal

B) Soma

C) Synaptic vesicles

D) Postsynaptic membrane

E) Dendrites

Soma

Which of the following is a glutamate receptor subtype?

A) NMDA receptor

B) AMPA receptor

C) Kainate receptor

D) NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor, and kainate receptor

E) Nicotinic

NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor, and kainate receptor

Which of the following mediate most of the synaptic inhibition in the CNS?

A) GABA and glycine

B) Glutamate and glycine

C) GABA and glutamate

D) Glycine and glycerine

E) Serotonin

GABA and glycine

What are vesicular transporters? What is their role?

A) Enzymes that synthesize neurotransmitters from metabolic precursors; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

B) Synthesizing enzymes for both amino acid and amine neurotransmitters; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters inside the vesicle

C) Special proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane; responsible for synthesizing neurotransmitters

D) Special proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters inside the vesicle

E) None of the above

Special proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters inside the vesicle

Which chemical structure unifies catecholaminergic neurons?

A) Adrenaline

B) Dopamine

C) Catechol

D) Norepinephrine

E) Amine chain

Catechol

The following is an amino acid neurotransmitter

A) dopamine

B) serotonin

C) glutamate

D) noradrenaline

E) acetylcholine

glutamate

NMDA are a sub-class of the following receptors

A) GABA

B) Glycine

C) glutamate

D) histamine

E) cholinergic receptors

glutamate

The vesicular glutamate transporter moves glutamate into

A) glia

B) synapses

C) neurons

D) synaptic vesicles

E) axons

synaptic vesicles

Which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A) Glutamate

B) GABA

C) Acetylcholine

D) Dopamine

E) Noradrenaline

GABA

Which of the following enable ions to cross the cell membrane?

A) Nicotinic Acetyl Choline receptor

B) AMPA receptor

C) GABA-A Receptor

D) all of the above

E) None of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a G-protein coupled receptor?

A) GABA-B receptor

B) AMPA Receptor

C) Insulin-Like Growth Factor

D) NMDA receptor

E) Nicotinic ACh Receptor

GABA-B receptor

Which of the following neurotransmitters is synthesized by neurons of the locus coeruleus

A) acetylcholine

B) dopamine

C) glutamine

D) GABA

E) noradrenaline

noradrenaline

The activation of which of the following receptors results in neuronal excitation?

A) NMDA receptors

B) GABA-A receptor

C) GABA-B receptors

D) Muscarinic 2 receptors

E) all of the above

NMDA receptors

Which of the following can be an effect of activation of a G-protein coupled receptor?

A) Stimulation of cAMP

B) Inhibition of cAMP

C) Activation of phospholipase C

D) Activation of potassium channels

E) all of the above

all of the above

What is the principal neurotransmitter produced by neurons of the substantia nigra?

A) dopamine

B) noradrenaline

C) glutamate

D) GABA

E) serotonin

dopamine

The following drug binds to the benzodiazepine site of GABA-A receptors and enhances their function.

A) GABA

B) Muscimol

C) Flunitrazepam

D) Flumazenil

E) All of the above

Flunitrazepam

The following drug binds to the benzodiazepine site of GABA-A receptors and inhibits their function.

A) GABA

B) Muscimol

C) Flunitrazepam

D) Flumazenil

E) All of the above

Flumazenil

The following drug activates D2 receptors

A) Bromocriptine

B) Haloperidol

C) Clozapine

D) Raclopride

E) Quinpirole

Bromocriptine

This drug is an Alpha1 adrenergic receptor agonist

A) Clonidine

B) Prazosin

C) Phenylephrine

D) Propranolol

E) Terbutaline

Phenylephrine

This drug is a Beta adrenergic receptor antagonist

A) Clonidine

B) Prazosin

C) Phenylephrine

D) Propranolol

E) Terbutaline

Propranolol

This drug is an Alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist A) Clonidine B) Prazosin C) Phenylephrine D) Propranolol E) Terbutaline

Clonidine

This drug is a muscarinic receptor agonist

A) atropine

B) pirenzepine

C) carbachol

D) adrenaline

E) dopamine

carbachol

This drug is a muscarinic receptor antagonist

A) atropine

B) pirenzepine

C) carbachol

D) adrenaline

E) dopamine

atropine

This drug is a 5HT1a receptor agonist

A) metoclopramide

B) ondansetron

C) fluoxetine

D) ketanserin

E) buspirone

buspirone

Which of the following is true of the resting membrane potential (RMP)

Select one or more:

a. it is generated by the sodium-potassium pump

b. it is around +30 mV in neurons

c. it is the difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane

d. only neurons have a RMP

e. it depends strongly on potassium

it is the difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane,

it depends strongly on potassium

Which of the following is true of the sodium-potassium pump?

Select one or more:

a. it pumps sodium out of the cell

b. it generates the action potential

c. it is only found in neurons 

d. it needs ATP as energy to fuel the pump

e. it pumps potassium into the cell

it pumps sodium out of the cell

it needs ATP as energy to fuel the pump

it pumps potassium into the cell

Which of the following are true of the action potential

Select one or more:

a. the AP is only generated when the RMP depolarizes to a threshold 

b. voltage-gated sodium channels are opened at threshold

c. once the threshold is reached, there is an all-or-nothing AP

d. at the peak of the AP, the membrane potential becomes +30 mV or so, known as the overshoot zero 

e. opening of voltage-gated sodium channels results in depolarization and the rising phase of the action potential

the AP is only generated when the RMP depolarizes to a threshold 

voltage-gated sodium channels are opened at threshold

once the threshold is reached, there is an all-or-nothing AP

at the peak of the AP, the membrane potential becomes +30 mV or so, known as the overshoot zero 

opening of voltage-gated sodium channels results in depolarization and the rising phase of the action potential

Which of the following is a G-protein coupled receptor

Select one or more:

a. opioid mu receptor

b. GABA-A receptors

c. metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)

d. AMPA-type glutamate receptor

e. GABA-B receptors

opioid mu receptor

GABA-A receptors

metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)

Which of the following are intracellular second messengers

Select one or more:

a. cAMP

b. DAG

c. calcium

d. adenylyl cyclase

e. IP3

cAMP

DAG

calcium

adenylyl cyclase

IP3

Which of the following can be an effect of GPCR activation

Select one or more:

a. inhibition of calcium channels

b. activation of phospholipase C (PLC)

c. stimulation of cAMP

d. inhibition of cAMP

e. activation of potassium channels

inhibition of calcium channels

activation of phospholipase C (PLC)

stimulation of cAMP

inhibition of cAMP

activation of potassium channels

GPCR that have unknown ligands and/or functions are known as -

Select one or more:

a. unknown

b. unspecified

c. orphan

d. indefinite

e. rogue

orphan

The following brain region controls homeostatic functions such as body temperature

A. the cerebellum

B. the brain stem

C. the hypothalamus

D. the basal ganglia

E. the cerebral cortex

the hypothalamus

Which neurotransmitter is synthesized and released by the pedunculopontine nucleus?

A. Serotonin

B. Acetylcholine

C. Norepinephrine

D. Serotonin, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine

E. glutamate

Acetylcholine

This region of the brain functions as a relay station for information entering the cerebrum

A. the midbrain

B. the hypothalamus

C. the pons

D. the medulla

E. the thalamus

the thalamus

The drug carbamazepine is commonly used to treat which disorder

A. schizophrenia

B. Alzheimer's disease

C. depression

D. anxiety

E. epilepsy

epilepsy

The limbic system is important for the processing of which types of information

A. motor

B. body temperature

C. emotion

D. sensory

E. auditory

emotion

A common type of disabling senile dementia that affects about 11% of the population over 65 and results in loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself, is called

A. agnosia.

B. prosopagnosia.

C. Alzheimer disease.

D. transient ischemic attack syndrome.

E. amylotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Alzheimer disease.

This drug is useful in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A. Reserpine

B. Granisetron

C. methylphenidate

D. amphetamine

E. Risperidone

methylphenidate

Which neurotransmitter is synthesized by neurons of the locus coeruleus?

A. acetylcholine

B. dopamine

C. glutamine

D. GABA

E. noradrenaline

noradrenaline

Catecholamines are derived from:

A. acetylcholine

B. epinephrine

C. tyrosine

D. tryptophan

E. serotonin

tyrosine

The following part of the brain is involved in executive function

A. the brainstem

B. the spinal cord

C. the prefrontal cortex

D. the thalamus

E. the locus coeruleus

the prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is a nucleus found in the midbrain that releases serotonin?

A. Substantia nigra

B. Locus Coeruleus

C. Dorsal Raphe

D. Cerebral peduncle

E. Apneustic area

Dorsal Raphe

Pyramidal neurons are mainly found in the

A. cerebellum

B. cortex

C. the spinal cord

D. the thalamus

E. the brainstem

cortex

The activity of the dopamine transporter located in presynaptic nerve terminals is enhanced by

A. haloperidol

B. amphetamine

C. levodopa

D. odansetron

E. bromocriptine

amphetamine

This drug blocks 5HT3 receptors

A. odansetron

B. clozapine

C. buspirone

D. sumatriptan

E. fluoxetine

odansetron

This drug blocks dopamine 2 receptors

A. bromocritine

B. L-DOPA

C. haloperidol

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

haloperidol

The reticular activating system is located within which brain region

A. the thalamus

B. the cerebrum

C. the hypothalamus

D. the spinal cord

E. the midbrain

the midbrain

Sumatriptan is an agonist at which receptors

A. noradrenergic

B. serotonergic

C. dopaminergic

D. glutamatergic

E. GABAergic

serotonergic

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?

A. Brain stem

B. Cerebrum

C. Cerebellum

D. Diencephalon

E. Dura mater

Brain stem

The drug Venlafaxine ...

A. increases the synaptic levels of noradrenaline

B. increases the synaptic levels of dopamine

C. increases the synaptic levels of serotonin

D. increases the synaptic levels of noradrenaline and dopamine

E. increases the synaptic levels of noradrenaline and serotonin

increases the synaptic levels of noradrenaline and serotonin

The decussation of the pyramids occurs in the following brain region

A. the medulla oblongata

B. the cerebellum

C. the raphe

D. the basal ganglia

E. the cortex

the medulla oblongata

The basal ganglia DO NOT include the

A. globus pallidus

B. caudate nucleus

C. putamen

D. striatum

E. locus coeruleus

locus coeruleus

This is the main neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia

A. glutamate

B. GABA

C. acetylcholine

D. noradrenaline

E. dopamine

dopamine

The Purkinje neuron is found in the following brain region

A. the cerebellum

B. the thalamus

C. the cortex

D. the brainstem

E. the locus coeruleus

the cerebellum

This drug activates 5HT1A receptors

A. clozapine

B. sumatriptan

C. fluoxetine

D. buspirone

E. odansetron

buspirone

Which of the following brain neurotransmitter systems is particularly important for regulating arousal?

A. noradrenaline

B. dopamine

C. GABA

D. glutamate

E. glycine

noradrenaline

What is the principal neurotransmitter produced by neurons of the substantia nigra?

A. dopamine

B. noradrenaline

C. glutamate

D. GABA

E. serotonin

dopamine

Interneurons located within the cortex generally release which neurotransmitter?

A. glutamate

B. noradrenaline

C. serotonin

D. GABA

E. acetylcholine

GABA

Modafinil

A. can be used to treat dementia

B. can be used to treat depression

C. can be used to treat epilepsy

D. can be used to treat narcolepsy

E. is not useful, clinically to treat any brain disorders

can be used to treat narcolepsy

The following drug can be used to treat vomiting:

A. Ondansetron

B. Fenfluramine

C. Fluoxetine

D. Buspirone

E. Carbamazepine

Ondansetron