PSY 1010 Chapter 8: Motivation

Motivation

a desire that stimulates and steers behavior

Intrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior because the behavior itself is rewarding

extrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward

incentive

an object or situation outside yourself that you're motivated to acquire

instinct

a motivation that is biologically innate

instinct theory

a theory of motivation stating that humans, like all other animals, are motivated primarily by instinct

- now recognized as incomplete

Drive reduction theory

a theory of motivation stating that unmet biological drives cause unpleasant sensations that motivate you to meet those needs

homeostasis

steadiness or balance in your bodily state

arousal theory

a theory of motivation stating that you're motivated to obtain and maintain an optimal level of arousal

-general excitement or attentiveness

Yerkes-Dodson law

the finding that moderate levels of arousal are linked to higher levels of performance than high or low levels of arousal

Self-determination theory

a theory of motivation stating that the strongest and healthiest motivations are those that come from within yourself

autonomous

to do what you do because you find it naturally rewarding

regulatory focus theory

a theory of motivation stating that there are 2 primary motivation systems-promotion and prevention- that affect different people in different ways

achievement goal theory

a theory of motivation stating that when you're motivated to achieve a goal, certain goals (mastery goals) achieve better outcomes than other goals(performance goals)

mastery goals

when you actually WANT to learn the info and actually KNOW it

performance goals

you want to SHOW you know it but you won't remember it

The hierarchy of needs

an explanation of motivation created by Abraham maslow based on the idea that certain needs must be satisfied before others

What are the levels of the hierarchy of needs from most basic up?

Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization, and Self-Traancendence

self-actualization

fully becoming the person you have the potential to become

peak experience

a moment of self-actualization that produces strong often mystical, feelings of personal fulfillment

flow

performing a behavior with complete immersion and enjoyment, or feeling like you're "in the zone"

Emotion

all aspects of feeling, including changes to the body, behavior, and consciousness

mot

to move

~E-MOT-ion

~MOT-ivation

James-Lange Theory

a theory of emotion stating that you experience emotionby noticing bodily changes first and then interpreting them as particular feelings

- by William james(father of US psychology)

Cannon-Bard Theory

a theory of emotion stating that you experience emotion by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings

-by Cannon and Bard

Schachter-Singer theory

a theory of emotion stating that the label you assign to your bodily reaction deteermines your mental reaction

-also the two-factor theory

~two factors are bodily change and your label for it

-by Stanely Schacter and Jerome Singer

Cognitive Appraisal theory

a theory of emotion stating that what you think about a stimulus causes the emotions

-Largely by Richard Lazarus

Facial Feedback Theory

a theory of emotion stating that your brain can influence your emotions by monitoring your facial expressions

-most recent theory we'll discuss~1970s and 80s

Emotion regulation

your ability to manage the type, intensity, length, and expression of your own emotions

Situation selection

putting yourself in situations where you'll likely feel positive emotions

Situation modification

modify the situation to meet your wants to avoid to avoid negative stimuli

Attentional deployment

distract yourself from negative stimuli

cognitive change

rethink situations in attempt to switch negative emotion to positive

response modulation

strategy for dealing with an emotion after it happens, trying to control how intensely you feel an emotion

The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions

states that from an evolutionary standpoint, positive emotions means safety, and safety allows you to expand your thinkgin beyond mere survvival or avoidance of harm

display rules

norms within a group about the acceptable verbal and nonverbal expression of emotion

misses

polygraph inspectors incorrectly judging the guilty as innocent

false alarms

polygraph inspectors incorrectly judging the innocent as guily

Which is NOT an example of extrinsic motivation?

a love for learning

______ theory states that motivation is innate within us, while ______ theory states that motivation allows us to maintain homeostasis.

Instinct; drive reduction

Why would you want to have more mastery goals when it comes to learning a new subject, like psychology, instead of performance goals?

Mastery goals will lead to deeper understanding, greater interest, and longer motivation to study the material.

_____ is a balance of your biological state

Homeostasis

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that _____ levels of arousal are related to _____ levels of performance.

moderate; high

_____ goals focus on doing something well, while____ goals focus on demonstrating that you can do something well.

Mastery; performance

Rachel has recently started volunteering at a homeless shelter, providing career counseling to residents. She is meeting her _____ needs by focusing on things beyond herself

self-trancendence

Cognitive appraisal theory is the theory of emotion stating that you experience emotion:

because of what you think about a stimulus

You are playing outside with your 3-year-old nephew, Parker, when he suddenly runs toward the street. According to the cognitive appraisal theory, how might your emotion of fear result from this situation?

You feel fear because you realize he would run into the street and get hurt.

Which theory of emotion states that your brain can actually influence your emotions through facial expressions?

facial feedback theory

Research on different cultures and those are blind demonstrate that:

there are basic human emotions that are universal and innate

People in individualistic cultures tend to attribute their happiness to ______, while those in collectivistic cultures tend to attribute their happiness to ______.

personal achievements; interpersonal harmony