Anatomy II: Comprehensive Learning Outcomes Cram Sheet

Flashcards covering key concepts from the anatomy lectures, focusing on the autonomic nervous system, special senses, and the endocrine system.

Somatic Nervous System

Controls skeletal muscle; voluntary and involves 2 neurons.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Controls visceral functions; involuntary and maintains homeostasis.

Hypothalamus

Integrative center for autonomic functions.

Preganglionic Neuron

Neuron with cell body in brainstem or spinal cord; synapses at autonomic ganglion.

Sympathetic Division

Originates from T1-L2 segments with short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers.

Adrenal Medulla

Modified sympathetic ganglion that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Fight or Flight Response

Physiological reactions of the sympathetic nervous system that prepare the body for action.

Parasympathetic Division

Originates from the brainstem and S2-S4 segments, emphasizing rest and digest functions.

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

Provides approximately 75% of all parasympathetic outflow.

Enteric Nervous System

Third division of the ANS that can function independently of the CNS.

Dual Innervation

Many organs receive innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Cholinergic Receptors

Receptors that bind acetylcholine (ACh); include nicotinic and muscarinic types.

Ciliary Body

Part of the eye that controls lens shape and secretes aqueous humor.

Auditory Pathway

Pathway of sound processing from external ear to auditory cortex.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Increases water reabsorption in kidneys; affects blood pressure.

Glucagon

Hormone released by alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels.

Insulin

Hormone released by beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels.

Diabetes Mellitus

Condition where glucose levels are high enough to overwhelm kidney absorption.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Three-phase response to stress involving alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases.

Negative Feedback

Mechanism that prevents overproduction of hormones to maintain homeostasis.