Bio 4 Finished

Cell Wall

Cell Wall

• structural strength/support

• lets other molecules in and out (acts as filter)

• found in plant/fungi cells

Mitochondria

• Produces energy

• Energy in cells converted to ATP

• can have multiple based on cell needs

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Protein synthesis + transport (by ribosomes)

• rough has ribosomes, produces protons for secretion

• smooth detoxifies

Chloroplast

• found in plants, location of photosythesis, sunlight capture, conserves/produces energy

• helps mitochondria produce ATP

• ribosomes express genetic info

Golgi Apparatus

receives, modifies and sorts proteins for transport/delivery

Cilia and Flagella

• Flagella euk and prok, cilia just euk

• moves cell/moves stuff around cell

• Flagella longer, cilia shorter (often more cilia)

Ribosomes

• prok + euk

• links amino acids to polypeptides

• creates proteins, factory of cell (protein synthesis)

Nucleus

• replicates/transcribes DNA (chromosomes)

• codes for proteins

• controls/regulates activities of cell

Lysosomes

“digestive system of cell” breaks down unneeded molecules/organelles acid breaks down waste

Vacuole

Membrane large membraneous sacs for storing things

Nuclear Membrane

Surrounds nucleus, controls what goes in/out

Cell Membrane

Protective semipermeable outer layer, controls what goes in and out

• made up of phospholipid bilayer with proteins inside

Diffusion

Particles moving randomly in a net movement of high to concentration until equilibrium is reached.

• molecules will still move randomly after equilibrium is reached

Simple Diffusion

• No transport protein

• movement hi-lo, with/down concentration gradient

• no energy input (passive)

  • Ex: small non-polar molecules: CO₂, O₂

  • O₂ goes in, CO₂ comes out

Facilitated Diffusion

• carrier/channel transport proteins

• hi-lo w cg

• no energy input (passive)

  • Ex: Glucose

Active Transport

• pump transport proteins

• lo-hi, against cg

• ATP energy used (active)

  • Ex: Na+/K+ ions

Endocytosis

• form of active transport

• phagocytosis(cell eating) + pinocytosis(cell drinking)

• takes material into cell by folding in packets of cell membrane into vesicles (pouches)

Exocytosis

removing material where vesicles merge with cell membrane to release contents

Osmosis

• diffusion of water

• moves through aquaporin proteins

• Passive transport, with/down cg

Isotonic

Solution and cell have same concentration

Hypotonic

• Solution with lower solute concentration

• more water in cell than out

Hypertonic

• Solution with higher solute concentration

• less solute in cell than out

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure water exerts on hypertonic side (selectivly permeable)

• problematic for living cells, bursting/shriveling

Molarity vs. Osmolarity

Molarity:

concentration of a solute

Osmolarity:

concentration of multiple solutes

Excretory System

• accomplishes water balance + waste removal

• liver converts protein into urea

• kidneys will remove unwanted substances, keep what’s beneficial and balance water amounts

Urea

• excess amino acids in body broken up by liver

• stored in bladder

• Cells break down proteins: toxic ammonia - liver (turns to urea) - kidneys (turns to urine)

Nephron

• functional unit of the kidney

• millions of nephrons in kidneys

Filtration

• blood cells, platelets, other large components stay in blood vessel

• filtrate (water, urea, uric acid, glucose, amino acids, salts) formed into Bowman’s capsule

Reabsorbtion

• liquid filtrate re-absorbed into blood through active/passive transport

• filtrate goes down loop of Henle (loop of nephron) and reabsorbs molecules/ions

Secretion

Substances moved by active transport from blood into the loop of nephron - urine

Osmoregulation

• achieved by filtrate moving down the nephron

• water moves by osmosis from nephron to fluid (taken up by capilaries)

• as urine travels through the loop, water is reclaimed by osmosis