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Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of __________ concentration to an area of __________ concentration.
lower; higher
The three main factors that affect the rate of diffusion are __________, __________, and __________.
concentration gradient; temperature; surface area
In the lungs, __________ diffuses into the blood from the lungs and __________ diffuses into the lungs from the blood.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
Urea diffuses from cells into __________ so it can be excreted in urine.
blood plasma
Single-celled organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio which maximizes the rate of __________ to meet the organism’s needs.
diffusion
To calculate surface area to volume ratio, Surface Area = __________ and Volume = __________.
Number of Sides x (Side Length x Side Width); Length x Width x Depth
Four factors that increase the effectiveness of a gas exchange surface include large surface area, thin membrane, __________, and __________.
efficient blood supply; ventilation
Osmosis is the movement of __________ from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a __________ membrane.
water; partially permeable
When a solution is isotonic to a cell, the concentrations of the external and __________ solutions are the same.
internal (inside cell)
When a solution is hypertonic to a cell, the concentration of the external solution is __________ than that of the internal solution.
higher
When a solution is hypotonic to a cell, the concentration of the external solution is __________ than that of the internal solution.
lower
When an animal cell is placed in a very hypotonic solution, __________ moves into the cell, causing it to burst.
water
When an animal cell is placed in a very hypertonic solution, __________ moves out of the cell, causing it to shrivel up.
water
Plant leaves and stems remain rigid due to __________ pressure, as water moves in by osmosis.
turgor
When a plant cell is placed in a very hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell by osmosis and the vacuole and cytoplasm __________ in size.
decrease
Active transport is the movement of molecules from a more __________ solution to a more __________ solution against a concentration gradient.
dilute; concentrated
Root hair cells use active transport to take up __________ from soils.
mineral ions
Active transport is used to transport __________ from a lower concentration in the gut to a higher concentration in the blood.
glucose
Glucose is then transported to the tissues where it can be used in __________.
respiration
The larger the __________ gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
concentration
The __________ the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion.
higher
The larger the __________ area, the faster the rate of diffusion.
surface
In addition to gas exchange, diffusion occurs in the __________ and __________.
lungs; kidneys
The process of __________ occurs across selectively permeable membranes.
osmosis
Cells can become __________ when placed in solutions that lead to excessive water loss.
plasmolysed
A __________ solution has the same osmotic pressure as the cell's interior fluid.
isotonic
The __________ membrane allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.
partially permeable
Active transport processes require __________ from respiration.
energy
Plants need __________ and __________ ions for healthy growth, which they absorb via active transport.
magnesium; nitrate
Larger cell surface areas are beneficial for facilitating __________ processes.
exchange
Cells in the kidneys facilitate the transport of __________ by diffusion, assisting in waste removal.
urea
Animal cells may burst in a __________ solution due to excess water intake.
hypotonic
When animal cells are surrounded by a __________ solution, they lose water and shrink.
hypertonic
