Jean Jacques Rousseau

political thinker

Why is Jean-Jacques Rousseau an important political thinker?

He profoundly shaped political philosophy, especially ideas about human nature, freedom, and society.

What is Rousseau’s most famous quote?

Man is born free, but everywhere is found in chains.”

How does Rousseau describe man in the state of nature?

Man exists alone, independent, and free.

Are humans good or bad in nature according to Rousseau?

Neither — humans are morally neutral.

Why is there no morality in the state of nature?

Humans lack knowledge of God and social rules, so there is no moral framework.

What motivates humans in the natural state?

Basic inclinations:

• Food

• Attraction

• Sleep

• Pain and suffering

• Passions

What shapes human ideas of virtue later on?

Education and socialization.

What is the most natural human characteristic for Rousseau?

Compassion.

What does Rousseau mean by the “Noble Savage”?

Humans are noble in nature but seen as savage by society.

Why is “Noble Savage” a contradiction?

Society equates civilization with morality, but Rousseau argues nobility exists naturally.

How does Rousseau critique “civilized” society?

Society often corrupts humans and mislabels true virtue.

Does Rousseau support racial or cultural supremacy?

No — nobility is not tied to race, geography, or urban life.

Do early humans understand justice or injustice?

No — moral knowledge develops through experience and usefulness.

Why must we not confuse savage men with modern men?

Society fundamentally changes human behavior and morality.

How does domestication affect humans?

It weakens strength, similar to domesticated animals.

What causes moral degeneracy?

Indulgence, pampering, and excess luxury.

What does self-indulgence lead to?

Selfishness, gluttony, and disregard for others.

Why does Rousseau criticize luxury?

They are not necessities and disconnect humans from reality.

What is the example Rousseau uses to critique elite detachment?

Marie Antoinette — “Let them eat cake.”

How do European moralists view the body and soul?

Body = bad, soul = good.

Why does Rousseau reject this view?

Passions are essential — they drive thought, desire, and knowledge.

What happens if passions are removed?

Thought and understanding disappear.

What does the savage man desire?

Only physical needs: food, attraction, rest, avoidance of pain.

When does fear of death emerge?

Only after humans leave the animal/natural state.

Are ego and insecurity natural?

No — they emerge through social interaction.

What is an innate human emotional response?

Repugnance at the suffering of others.

Is compassion learned or innate?

Innate.

How does Rousseau differ from Hobbes here?

• Hobbes: domination is natural

• Rousseau: compassion and mercy are natural

What positive outcome does Hobbes emphasize?

Fear and insecurity → peace.

What positive outcome does Rousseau emphasize?

Compassion and mercy → social benefit.

How does Rousseau view violence?

Violence is not innate, but socially produced.

Is nature good or bad according to Rousseau?

Neither — society shapes morality.

What drives human behavior?

Passions and basic needs.

What is the most natural human state?

The state of compassion.

Which thinker believes man in the state of nature foolishly considers himself the sole proprietor of the universe?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau