Circulation & Immunity - Video Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the Circulation & Immunity notes.

Cardiac Output (CO)

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; CO = heart rate × stroke volume.

Heart Rate (HR)

Number of heartbeats per minute (beats/min). Typical resting rate ~72 bpm.

Stroke Volume (SV)

Volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat (typical male ~70 mL/beat; female ~60 mL/beat).

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of filling (diastole).

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

Volume remaining in the ventricle after contraction (systole).

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

Valves between the atria and ventricles; include the tricuspid (right) and bicuspid/mitral (left).

Tricuspid Valve

Right AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

Left AV valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Systole

Phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract.

Diastole

Phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles relax and fill.

Lub-Dub

Sound of the heart caused by valve closures; ‘lub’ = AV valves close; ‘dub’ = semilunar valves close.

Cardiac Cycle

Sequence of events in the beating heart, including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole.

Blood Pressure (BP)

Force of circulating blood on vessel walls; typical normal is about 120/80 mmHg.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart; high pressure and elasticity.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart; often have valves and rely on skeletal muscle movement.

Capillaries

Thin-walled vessels where exchange of gases and nutrients occurs; large total cross-sectional area slows flow.

Varicose Veins

Bulging veins due to faulty one-way valves and decreased elasticity, causing pooling.

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Red blood cells; biconcave, enucleate in mammals, carry hemoglobin to transport oxygen.

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-binding protein in RBCs; deoxyhemoglobin is purple-blue, oxyhemoglobin is bright red; binds oxygen.

Heme

Iron-containing component of hemoglobin; broken down during iron recycling.

Globin

Protein portion of hemoglobin.

Carboxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide; high affinity; dangerous; produces a cherry-red appearance.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone from kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow.

Bilirubin

Pigment from heme breakdown; processed by liver and excreted in bile; contributes to stool color.

Ferritin

Iron-storage protein in cells; stores iron in a readily mobilizable form.

Hemosiderin

Iron-storage complex, formed when iron stores are high or iron metabolism is altered.

Transferrin

Iron-transport protein in blood that delivers iron to tissues.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Immune cells produced in bone marrow; circulate for ~13–20 days; defend against pathogens.

Neutrophils

Phagocytic WBCs; first responders to infection.

Eosinophils

WBCs involved in combating parasites and in allergic responses.

Basophils

WBCs that release histamine during inflammation.

Monocytes

WBCs that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells; phagocytes.

Lymphocytes

WBCs including B cells and T cells; central to adaptive immunity.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that bind specific antigens and neutralize pathogens.

Humoral Immunity

Immune response mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.

Cellular Immunity

Immune response mediated by T cells destroying infected cells.

B Cells

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies (humoral immunity).

T Cells

Lymphocytes that coordinate and execute cellular immune responses (helper, cytotoxic, suppressor, memory).

Vaccination

Introduction of a harmless form of a pathogen to elicit immune memory.

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

Vaccine with a live but weakened pathogen; often produces strong, long-lasting immunity.

Inactivated Vaccine

Vaccine using killed pathogens; typically weaker immune response and boosters may be needed.

Subunit/Recombinant/Conjugate Vaccine

Vaccine using specific pathogen components; strong response with potential boosters.

Toxoid Vaccine

Vaccine using inactivated toxin produced by a pathogen; booster may be required.

Adjuvants

Substances added to vaccines to enhance the immune response.

Thiomersal

Mercury-containing preservative formerly used in vaccines; no proven link to autism.

Vaccination Memory Cells

Memory B and T cells that enable faster responses upon re-exposure.

Atherosclerosis

Cholesterol and calcium buildup in arterial walls, narrowing vessels.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Artery narrowing in the heart, often due to atherosclerosis, causing angina.

Angina

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

Death of heart tissue from prolonged loss of blood supply; often due to coronary artery blockage.

Aneurysm

Weakening and bulging of an arterial wall, risk of rupture.

Septal Defect

Hole in the septum between heart chambers; can be congenital.

Valve Defects

Valves that are rigid or do not close properly, affecting one-way flow.

Ischemic Stroke

Stroke caused by a blockage that restricts blood flow to the brain.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Stroke caused by rupture of a brain artery leading to bleeding.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

Cholesterol carrier to tissues; high levels linked to plaque formation.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)

Cholesterol carrier from tissues to liver for excretion; “good” cholesterol.

Lipoproteins

Particles (lipid + protein) that transport fats and cholesterol through blood.

Cholesterol

Fat essential for membranes, hormones, and bile acids; mostly produced by liver.

Saturated Fats

Fats with no double bonds; typically solid at room temperature; raise LDL.

Unsaturated Fats

Fats with one or more double bonds; typically liquid at room temperature; can raise HDL and lower LDL.

Trans Fats

Hydrogenated unsaturated fats with trans bonds; raise LDL and lower HDL; linked to heart disease.

Essential Fatty Acids

Fats the body cannot synthesize (e.g., omega-3 and omega-6) and must be eaten.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Essential fats important for anti-inflammatory effects and heart health.

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Essential fats important for various body functions; balance with omega-3 is key.

Omega-7/Omega-9

Other fatty acids noted in sources; involved in various lipid pathways.

Epinephrine

Adrenaline; can cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on receptor location.

Vasopressors/Vasodilators

Substances that constrict (vasoconstrictors) or dilate (vasodilators) blood vessels.

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Molecule released by endothelium causing vasodilation and increased blood flow.

Endothelial Cells

Cells lining blood vessels that regulate vascular tone and exchange.