solubility
The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance
solvent
In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.
solute
substance that is dissolved
NaCl in water
positive side of water molecules pulls neg charged chloride ion off
negative side of water molecules pull pos charged sodium ion
polar molecules dissolve
polar molecules and ionic compounds
solubility rule 1 (covalent compounds)
most covalent compounds don't dissolve in water unless there's a polar portion.
sugars and alcohols
solubility rule 2 (lower electrochemical)
some ionic compounds have lower electrochemical attraction
split to form electrolytes
solubility rule 3 (higher electrochemical)
some ionic compounds have higher electrochemical attraction
precipitate out the solution
saturated solution
a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions
unsaturated solution
any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature
disassociation ionic compounds
the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves
ionization
any process that results in the formation of an ion
strong acids and bases...
break apart
weak acids and bases with low solubility...
will not dissolve
polyatomic ions...
will not break apart
covalent compounds...
do not break apart
solubility depends on
the attractions between molecules (cations, anions) of the solute and the solvent
ways to determine unknown ions
color of precipitates
color of flame tests
adding unknown reagents to unknown solutions
relationship between increase in ksp and solubility
increase ksp = increase solubility
ksp is the...
most [ ] an ion can have without ppt
max molar solubility (max a solution can hold) =
the concentration of a saturated solution at a certain temp
saturation and equilibrium
when a solution is at saturation it is at equilibrium
tip>ksp
ppt forms
tip<ksp
no ppt
tip = ksp
equlibrium
molarity
moles / volume
molality
mass / volume
electrolyte
a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current
disassociates into ions
cation
A positively charged ion
anion
A negatively charged ion
dissociation
when strong acids and bases are put into water and break apart