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biology

the study of life

properties of life

cellular organization, homeostasis, metabolism, responsiveness, haredity, growth, reproduction

cellular organization

basic structure of all cells is the same

homeostasis

insides work to stay the same while the outside changes

metabolism

all reactions that keep an organism alive and use energy

responsiveness

react

haredity

passing of traits

growth

changing, developing, getting bigger

nine fields of biology

biochemistry, ecology, botany, zoology, phisiology, evolutionary theory, microbiology, genetics, cell biology

biochemistry

chemicals

ecology

interactions

botany

plants

zoology

animals

phisiology

human body

evolutionary theory

change

microbiology

the smallest forms of life

genetics

passing of traits

cell biology

cells

parts of an atom

proton, neutron, electron

proton (where and charge)

nucleus, positive

neutron (where and charge)

nucleus, neutral

electron (where and charge)

outer shells, negative

ion

an atom or group of atoms that have an electric charge because it gained or lost an electron

ionic bond

giving and recieving electrons

covalent

sharing electrons

polar

uneven sharing of electrons

polar molecules and water

can dissolve in water

non polar

equal sharing of electrons

non polar molecules and water

cannot dissolve in water

four properties that make water unique

ice floats, water absorbs and retains heat, cohesion, adhesion

cohesion

attraction between substances of the same kind to stick to one another

adhesion

attraction between substances of a different kind

organic compound (2 other names)

carbon compound, biomolecule

organic compound (definition)

makes up all living things

four organic compounds

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

carbohydrates (building block)

sugar

proteins (building block)

amino acids

lipids (building block)

fat

nucleic acids (building block)

nucleotides

enzyme

protein that speeds up biochemical reactions

hydrogyn bond

positive charged hydrogyn with a negative charged molecule

cell size

the smaller the better

cell shape

Shape reveals function

four structures that all cells share

cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane

DNA in prokaryotes

circular

DNA in eukaryotes

linear

cell theory (3)

all living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of structure adn function in organisms, al cells arise from existing cells

organelle

a structure that carries out specific activities inside the cell

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

smooth ER

break down toxic substances and makes lipids

rough ER

forms vesicles around proteins

golgi apparatus

packages and sorts proteins

mitochondria

makes ATP

chloroplast

creates photosynthesis

cell membrane

controls what goes in and out of the cell

nucleus

produces ribosomeses

structure of the cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

concentration gradient

more molecules on one side of the membrane than the other

osmosis

diffusion of water across the cell membrane

hypertonic

water comes in and cell shrinks and dies

hypotonic

water goes out and cell gets bigger and dies

isotonic

water goes in and out at the same rate

4 membrane proteins

cell surface markers, receptor proteins, enzymes, transport proteins

cell surface markers

name tag of the cell

receptor proteins

senses surroundings and reiceves messages

enzymes

helps with biochemical reactions

transport proteins

movement into and out of the cell

passive transport

requires no energy, with flow

active transport

requires energy, against flow

2 types of active transport

vesicles, pumps

vesicle (active transport)

sac that moves substances against concentration

pump (active transport)

carrier protein that moves substances against concentration gradient

2 types of passive transport

simple and facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion (passive transport)

passes directly through the membrane

facilitated diffustion (passive transport)

uses transport proteins

photosynthesis

breaking down of organic compounds

ATP

energy currency

where photosynthesis occurs

thylakoid membrane

photosynthesis pigment

chlorophll

rate of photosynthesis

light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature

light intensity (R.O.P)

more light, more photosynthesis

CO2 concentration (R.O.P.)

more CO2, more photosynthesis

Temperature (R.O.P.)

extreme temperatures, slow rate

first ETC of photosynthesis forms..

oxygen and ATP

second ETC of photosynthesis forms..

NADPH

calvin cycle

converts CO2 to sugar

cellular respiration

building of glucose into usable ATP

fermentation

recycles NAD+

gene

segment of DNA

5 parts of the cell cycle

G1, S, G2, Mitosis, cytokinesis

G1

cell grows, builds organellees, continue carrying regular functions

S

dna is copied

G2

continues to grow, forms structures for cell division

mitosis

divides nucleus

cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides

G1 checkpoint

condition, health, and size are checked

G2 checkpoint

mistakes in DNA, proteins check that cell is large enough to divide

mitosis checkpoint

ensures that genetic material is evenly distributed

3 reasons why cells divide

growth and developement, repairing injuries, maintainence of larger cells

DNA (structure)

double helix shape