Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp., Helicobacter spp., Campylobacter spp.

Vibrio spp. is from what family?

Vibrionaceae

Since Vibrio spp. is not a part of the normal flora and you can find them in water environments, what water environments are these usually?

• fresh

• brackish

• marine/saltwater

Every summer, when this kind of temperature happens, Vibrio spp. incidence rate seems to go up

>20 degrees celcius

What are the indications for Vibrio spp. infection?

1. consumption of raw seafoods

2. immigration or foreign travel to an endemic or coastal area

3. cholera-like or rice water stools

4. use of recreational water facilities

5. injury occurred during in contact with a fresh, estuarine, marine water, etc.

What is V. hollisae new genera?

Grimontia

What is V. damsella new genera?

Photobacterium

What is the usual appearance of Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp., Helicobacter spp., Campylobacter spp.

gram - bacilli; curved/comma-shaped

• This is a gram - bacilli

• Non-spore forming

• Facultative anaerobe

• Halophile

Vibrio spp.

Since Vibrio spp. is a halophile, what is the usual concentration of salt does it need?

1.8% of NaCl

Vibrio spp. can grow in both broth and solid medium, what do we see when it is grown in a broth medium?

polar flagella that is sheathed

Vibrio spp. can grow in both broth and solid medium, what do we see when it is grown in a solid medium?

peritrichous flagella that is unsheathed

In Vibrio spp., what are the infections it may cause?

1. mild gastroenteritis leading to cholera

2. wound infection

3. necrotizing fasciitis

4. fatal septicemia

Vibrio spp. is a halophile that needs 1.8% NaCl, what are the exceptions to this?

• V. cholerae

• V. mimicus

Vibrio spp. has a swarming ability, what are the two examples for this?

• V. parahaemolyticus

• V. alginolyticus

Positive or Negative?:

Vibrio spp. in oxidase test

positive

Positive or Negative?:

Vibrio spp. in catalase test

positive

Susceptible/Sensitive or Resistant?:

Vibrio spp. in 0129 susceptibility test

susceptible/sensitive

Positive or Negative?:

Vibrio spp. in string test

positive

Positive or Negative?:

Vibrio spp. in nitrate reduction test

positive

Vibrio spp. is positive in catalase, oxidase, and nitrate reduction except for?

V. metschnikovii

What is the reagent used in string test for Vibrio spp.?

0.5% sodium desoxycholate

Susceptible/Sensitive or Resistant?

Aeromonas spp. in 0129 susceptibility test

resistant

Susceptible/Sensitive or Resistant?

Plesiomonas spp. in 0129 susceptibility test

susceptile/sensitive

Positive or Negative?

Aeromonas spp. in string test

negative

Positive or Negative?

Plesiomonas spp. in string test

negative

Positive or Negative?

Aeromonas spp. in indole test

positive

Positive or Negative?

Vibrio spp. in indole test

negative

Positive or Negative?

Plesiomonas spp. in indole test

negative

Positive or Negative?:

Vibrio spp. in inositol test

negative

Positive or Negative?:

Aeromonas spp. in inositol test

negative

Positive or Negative?:

Plesiomonas spp. in inositol test

positive

Positive or Negative?:

Vibrio spp. in 6.5 NaCl test

positive

Positive or Negative?:

Aeromonas spp. in 6.5 NaCl test

negative

Positive or Negative?:

Plesiomonas spp. in 6.5 NaCl test

negative

This specie of Vibrio spp. classifies based on antigenic structure

Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae has 3 main divisions in its characteristic, what are these?

1. Vibrio cholerae O1/ABC

2. Vibrio cholerae O139

3. Vibrio cholerae non-O1

What are the subcategories under Vibrio cholerae O1 and their antigens

1. ogawa (A and B)

2. inaba (A and C)

3. hikojima (A, B, C)

This subdivision of Vibrio cholerae in characteristic and is where it is similar to V. cholerae but it cannot produce agglutination in O1 antisera

Vibrio cholerae non-O1

This is another characteristic of V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus has what antigens?

O and K

V. parahaemolyticus has O and K antigens, where can it be usually found?

in capsules

What are the three serogroups for V. cholerae?

1. V. cholerae non-O1

2. V. cholerae O139

3. V. cholerae serogroups O75 and O141

• This is a serotype under V. cholerae

• Resembles toxigenic V. cholerae O1

• ctx gene -

• Can only cause mild gastroenteritis or cholera-like disease

V. cholerae non-O1

• This is a serotype under V. cholerae

• 1st non-O1 strain to cause an epidemic cholera

• ctx gene +

V. cholerae O139

• This is a serotype under V. cholerae

• Sporadic, cholera-like disease

• ctx gene +

V. cholerae serogroups O75 and O141

This Vibrio spp. is the 2nd most common Vibrio for causing self-limiting gastroenteritis

V. parahaemolyticus

Self-limiting gastro enteritis is also known as what in Japan?

summer diarrhea

What is the pandemic strain for self-limiting gastroenteritis or summer diarrhea?

Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6

• This phenomenon is always associated with V. parahaemolyticus

• It is a heat-stable hemolysin that is effective in high-salt mannitol medium

kanagawa phenomenon

What is another term for high-salt mannitol medium?

wagatsuna agar

If the high-salt mannitol medium in the kanagawa phenomenon goes positive, what could this mean

virulent

If the high-salt mannitol medium in the kanagawa phenomenon goes negative, what could this mean

avirulent

This Vibrio spp. is the 2nd most common vibrio for causing vibrio-associated infections

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio vulnificus can cause septicemia, what are the two predisposing factors?

1. liver dysfunction

2. increased serum iron levels condition

Vibrio vulnificus can also cause wound infections where cellulitis would eventually become?

necrotizing fasciitis

Determine what Vibrio specie is this:

• Least pathogenic to humans

• Strict halophile

• Occupational hazard

V. alginolyticus

V. alginolyticus is a strict halophile, how many percent of NaCl does it usually need?

1-10% NaCl

V. alginolyticus can cause infections, what are these?

1. ear and eye infection

2. wound and burn infection

Since V. alginolyticus is an infection you can get from your occupation, what are some examples?

1. sailor

2. diver

3. fisherman

For the specimen collection of Vibrio spp., where can you usually get specimens?

1. stool

2. body fluids

3. pus

4. tissues

In specimen collection of Vibrio spp., to avoid desiccation or drying out of specimen when using swabs, what is the most recommended transport medium?

Cary-Blair transport medium

In specimen collection of Vibrio spp., to avoid desiccation or drying out of specimen when using swabs, what is the transport medium is not recommended because it is toxic for Vibrio?

glycerol

For the direct microscopic examination of Vibrio spp., it is not suggested for stools because?

you can see many normal flora

For the direct examination of Vibrio spp. (except in stools), what are you expecting to see?

gram - bacilli

In the macroscopic examination of Vibrio, what do you usually see on the media?

medium to large, smooth, opaque, and iridescent with a green hue

In the macroscopic examination of Vibrio, what is usually the hemolytic pattern?

a or B hemolytic pattern

Where can you culture Vibrio spp.?

BAP and CAP

How many biochemical tests do we have for Vibrio and what are they?

1. MAC

2. TCBS

3. APW

4. CHROMagar Vibrio

When using MAC to culture Vibrio, what do you see when it is a lactose fermenter?

pink color

When using MAC to culture Vibrio, what do you see when it is a non-lactose fermenter?

colorless

What does TCBS stand for?

thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose

What is the usual pH indicator for thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose test in Vibrio spp.?

bromthymol blue

When using TCBS in Vibrio, what color is +?

yellow

When using TCBS in Vibrio, yellow means acid producer, what are some examples?

1. V. cholerae

2. V. alginolyticus

3. V. fluvialis

4. V. fumissii

5. V. cincinnatiensis

6. V. metschnikovii

7. some V. vulnificus

When using MAC as your culture media in Vibrio, this is an example of a pink or lactose fermenter

V. vulnificus

When using TCBS in Vibrio, yellow means acid producer, what are some examples?

1. V. mimicus

2. V. parahaemolyticus

3. P. damsella

4. most of V. vulnificus

When using TCBS in Vibrio, what color is -?

green

When using TCBS in Vibrio, what is an example of when you get no growth?

Grimontia hollisae

What does APW mean?

alkaline peptone water

APW test should be done before what tests?

1. before TCBS test

2. before subculturing a plated media

What is the usual pH of an APW test in Vibrio?

8.5

What is the usual % NaCl of an APW test in Vibrio?

1%

What kind of culture media is APW?

enrichment broth

In using CHROMagar Vibrio, what does it mean when you get a mauve color?

V. parahaemolyticus

In CHROMagar Vibrio, what does it mean when you get a green-blue/turquoise blue color?

1. V. cholerae

2. V. vulnificus

In CHROMagar Vibrio, what does it mean when its creamy?

V. alginolyticus

In the microscopic examination of Vibrio spp., what can you see?

gram - bacilli

In the microscopic examination of Vibrio spp., their motility can be described as?

rapid darting or shooting stars in darkfield microscope

In the biochemical test of Vibrio spp., are they + or - for O/129 test?

+

In the biochemical test of Vibrio spp., are they + or - for string test?

+

In the biochemical test of Vibrio spp., are they + or - for 6.5% NaCl tolerance test?

+

In the biochemical test of Vibrio spp., are they + or - for glucose fermentation test?

+

What family is Aeromonas spp. from?

aeromonadaceae

• These are gram - bacilli

• Oxidase +

• Glucose fermenters

• Facultative anaerobes

• Is motile by using polar flagella

Aeromonas spp.

Aeromonas spp. has two groups, what are these?

1. mesophilic (37 degrees)

2. psychrophilic (22 degrees)

In the mesophilic group of Aeromonas spp., what are 3 examples?

1. A. hydrophila complex

2. A. veroni complex

3. A. caviae complex

In the psychrophilic group of Aeromonas spp., what is one example?

A. salmonicida

In the mesophilic group of Aeromonas spp., what are its characteristics?

motile and pathogenic to humans

In the psychrophilic group of Aeromonas spp., what are its characteristics?

non-motile and non-pathogenic to humans

Aeromonas spp. can cause gastrointestinal infections, which specie is responsible mainly for this?

A. caviae

What are the common gastrointestinal disorders under Aeromonas spp.?

1. acute secretory diarrhea

2. acute dysenteric diarrhea

3. chronic diarrhea (>10 days)

4. cholera-like or rice-water stools