pysc 100

social psyc

social psyc definition

scientific attempt to understand thought, feelings, behaviours of individuals and how they are influenced by the actual or implied presence of others

first impressions

initial judgments you make about someone

sources of first impressions

face, appearance, how and what people say, non verbal cues

why do we care about first impressions

we are social animals, have to know who is safe to approach and also looking for a potential mate

what are two things you track in first impressions

Trustworthiness/warmth (good or bad intentions)
competence/dominance (the ability to act on their intentions)

high competence and high warmth?

- most liked
- potential mate
- idolize and aspire to be

high competence low warmth

- fear
- most dangerous

low competence high warmth

* elderly people
* babies
* pity, want to protect

low competence low warmth

* dont like
* deny humanity
* nothing to worry about

primacy effect

tendency for information that you acquire earlier to stick more / be more important than later info

confirmation bias

paying more attention to info that is consistent with the first impression, confirming initial info and ignoring info that is not consistent

are humans good at telling someones character for first impressions ?

no

what makes impressions more accurate

- the more you get to know someone
- when you are motivated to be accurate (you are paying greater attention to balanced info)

impression management

strategies people use to present themselves and shape how others view them

what factors limit first impressions accuracy

confirmation bias,
impression management
use of heuristics

examples of heuristics

- stereotypes
- transference of traits from people you already know to new people (someone who looks like your brother you would think acts like your brother)
- false consensus (applying your own traits to others and thinking they are similar to you)

attributions

predictions you make to explain some else's behaviour or your own

attribution theory

using either dispositions or situations to make sense of someone behaviour

\

dispositions

internal factors (traits, values, beliefs, skills, intentions)

ex. he jumped out of the plane because he has courage and is crazy

situational

external factors (events, weather, context, circumstance, accidents)

ex. he jumped out of the plane because he lost a bet and was paid

FAE

Fundamental Attributions Error, underestimating someones situational and overestimating someones dispositional (in western societies)

why would some non western countries pay attention to someones situational influences

they value social harmony and cooperation more

what attributions do humans use when it comes to themselves and why

our success --> internal (dispositional) explanations
our failures --> external (situational) explanations

this is because humans tend to want to feel better about themselves

steryoptype

beliefs and schemas that connects groups of people
can be negative and positive
automatic associations

prejudice

attitude towards a group that can be positive or negative

discrimination

treating a people differently because of a certain group they might be in

why can social categorization be good?

helps you anticipate interactions as you go into new situations
helps sort us into our in and out groups
is adapative

in / out groups

in group is a group that you associate with and belong to (being a woman, a volleyball player, speaking a different language)

out group is a group you don't associate your identity with

what are negatives of social categorization

leads to stereotyping which drives prejudice and discrimination
in out groups lead to "us vs them" mentality
out group derogation and in group favouritism

out group homogenity?

viewing all people from an out group as the same

realistic conflict theory

conflicts arise when different groups have limited resources q

contact hypothesis

to resolve conflict, groups must work together for a common goal

robbers cave study

two groups of boy were separated into eagles and rattlers, once boys established a self of identity in their groups, they were told of the other group which increased group favouritism.
1. Bonding phase
2. competition phase
3. reconciliation phase

study meant to show how prejudice and discrimination develop and is reduced.

what are the two group hostility theories

realistic conflict theory

* conflict arises from limited resources

social identity theory

* people deprive their sense of self from their in groups using status and success.
* confict arises from ingroup favouritsm and out group derogation

\

attitude

positive/negative mixed reaction to a person / group / object / idea

explicit attitudes

easy to report, conscious, can be updated

implicit attitudes

unconscious, difficult to update
are measured by a Implicit Association Test (IAT)

IAT

Implicit Association Test - reveals an inner bias by measuring response time

how does attitude and behaviour link

attitudes can influence behaviour but behaviour cannot influence attitudes

when can an attitude predict a behaviour.

when its a specific issue of a strong attitude

elaboration likelihood model

taking an either central or peripheral route when processing persuasive messages

central processing vs peripheral processing

central - lasting change in attitude
peripheral - short term change in attitude

what causes dissonance

having inner tension when we don't have consistency, our attitudes beliefs and behaviours have to be compatib;e

what motivates us to reduce dissonance.

the larger the discrepancy, the more motivate to reduce dissonance

what can you change to reduce dissonance

change behaviour / belief / perception

social influence

the way people act when theres people around

can include reflex like behaviours (yawning when someone else yawns )

chameleon effect

mimicking someone else's behaviours in a social situation to ease interactions and make it more enjoyable

social norms and what happens when violated

awkwardness, hostility, ostracism

3 ways we yield to social influence

conformity (changing our behaviours and perceptions so they align w social norms
compliance (changing because someone asks us to)
obedience (changing because someone with authority tells you to)

what are two reasons we confrom

informational influence (the need to be correct)
normative influence (fear of ostracism and judgment)

milgram experiments

people were willing to administer a lethal shock because someone with a lab coat told them to do it (obedience)

3 types of agression

agression - behaviour intended to cause harm to another individual, extreme agression leads to violence
hostile - wanting to cause harm, motivated by hostility (road rage, heat in the moment emotions)
instrumental / proactive - harmful behaviour w a purpose, has a goal to achieve

factors / causes of agression

crowding - ones goals are blocked
social provocaition - when insulted or rejected
social learning - learning to be agressive through modeled behaviour

doll study

children showed agressive tendencies when they saw an adult do it before them, same results w cartoons

motivations for doing good things

alturism and egoism

reciprical altursim

expecting something in return when doing something nice, either short term or long term

mere exposure effect

the more you are exposed to something the more you start to like it

diffusion of responsibility

because theres other people around not doing anythign, you do not feel as responsiblepluralisic igno

pluralitic ignorance

minsternpitation of social cues, if no one is not doing anything, then it feels as if its not an emergency

factors of interpersonal relation ships

familiarity, similiarity, physical, reciprocityha

halo effect

giving attractive people have possive qualitiesa

attachment theory

children develop models of how attachment should be based on their caregivers which tranlates into their adult life

3 attachment styles

anxious, avoidant, secure

personality

stable way of thinking and acting

rogers self theory

our parents teach us and set our worth, “conditions of worth”

rogers main goal

unconditional and accepting postive regard

empathy for others

being genuine

maslows goal

self actualization, reached by his hiearchy

what are freuds 3 levels of mind

preconsiouc, conscious, unconsouce

what are the 3 principles for the iceberg model

id - pleasure principle

superego - morality principle

ego - reality principle

how are unhelathy personalities developed

when there as a you grow up, you never develop the need for security (move away, towards, against people)

horneys need for security

as a child you recieve security from your parents, if not then neurotic personality is developed

alders superiority

as you grow up, you try to get rid of the infriority you have as a child, people who dont develop an inferiority complex

healthy people develop a sense of competence

jungs theory

we all have a collective unconsious of human expirences that we alll went through

these expiriences sorts us into archetypes

anal retentive

as a child, if when potty trained you held it all in it - it means as an adult you are very stubburn

child getting back at parents

anal expulsive

if when potty trained you peed your pants a lot it shows as rebellion and being impulsive

oedpipus conflic

all boys are sexually attracted to their mom and are jelly of their dad for getting to bone their mom

see their dad as a rival and scared he will castarate them

electra

all girls are envious of their dad because he has a penis and they dont have one so they feel inferior. therefore become attracted to him

freud unhealthy personalities

id or superego is too strong

too dependant on defense mechanisms

when ego is weak

freud’s psychosocial stages of personality development

oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

ocean

openness - new expiriences and ideas

conscientiousness - discpline and responsibility

extrovertness - socialble, outgoing, affectionate

agreeableness - trustworthy and cooperative

neroticness - stableness for negative emotions

why are pd’s ego-synotic

who you are as a person, people with pds are resistant to change

learned helplessness

person does not try to change their situation even when possible, after having expirienced a stressful situation repeatly

pd: prevalence

how common the pd is

Personality Disorders: Comorbidity

usually when one person has one pd, it overlaps with others

dsm disorders

3 clusters

* odd/eccentric
* dramatic / erratic
* anxious / fearful

pyschopathy checklist

factor 1

* inflated self worth
* manipulate people
* pyschopathy

factor 2

* more borderline pd
* less social
* aspd

what makes something unormal (4 Ds

deviance, distress, danager, dysfunction

deviance, distress, danager, dysfunction define

* deviance = behaviours thoughts or feelings that are not in line with social standards
* distress = cause pain or sorrw
* danger = causing danger to onself or other
* dysnfunction = stops you from daily life

biophysological model

* biology of your genes
* psychological expiriences
* social enviorment

determines if youre at risk for a social disorder

how does the DSM-5 help

* mental health manual that helps outlines a diagnosis
* shows the timeline
* shows symptoms
* uses the biophyscosocial approach

problems w DSM-5

* too categorizing, should be moore subjective
* mostly prevelant in the usa
* cultural differences
* gender differences
* overdiagnosing

stigma

can be caused and changed the way people look at you after diagnosis

anxiety disorders

* general anxiety
* agrophobia
* social anxiety
* phobias
* panic disorder

panic disorder

bursts of anxiety attacks alost with a surge of fear, follows the person with a constant worry, sometimes caused by a stimu

ptsd

* smaller hippocampus
* occurs after traumatic event
* insomnia, irritability, hypervigilance
* avoidance of triggers
* flashbacks and nightmares

ocd

* lots of action in the amygdala
* impulse to do saftery actions
* abnormalties in prefrontal cortex

obsessions vs compulsions

obsessions: mental belief, the fear and anxiety

compulsion: the action after the obession

bipolar disorder

* bipolar 1
* manic episodes but no depressive episodes
* bipolar 2
* hypermanic episodes and depressive episodes

depressive disorders

* lack of pleasure in activity
* change of speed
* imapirment in regular function
* loss of energy
* re-lapse highly possible

Vulnerability-Stress model of depression

vulnerble expiriences and stress cause depression