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entente
nonbinding agreement to follow common policies
militarism
glorification of the military
ultimatum
final set of demands
mobilize
prepare military forces for war
neutrality
policy of supporting neither side in a war
Pan-Slavism
a Russian sponsored form of nationalism that believes all Slavic people share a common nationality
stalemate
deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other
zeppelin
large gas filled balloon
U-boat
German submarine
convoy
group of merchant ships protected by warships
genocide
deliberate and systematic killing of people who belong to a particular radical, ethnic, religious or cultural group
total war
channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort
conscription
“the draft” which required all young men to be ready for military or other service
contraband
during wartime, military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies that may legally be confessed by any belligerent
propaganda
spreading if ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
atrocity
horrible act committed against innocent people
Lusitania
British liner torpedoed by a German submarine in May 1915
Fourteen points
list of terms for resolving WWI and future was outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918
self-determination
right of people to choose their own form of government
armistice
agreement to end fighting in a war
pandemic
spread of a disease across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world
reparation
payment for war damage or damage caused by imprisonment
radicals
one who favors extreme changes
pacifist
someone opposed to all war
collective security
system in which a group of nations acts as one to persevere the peace of all
mandates
after World War I, a territory administered by a western power
The Final Offensives and Germany asks for Peace
March 1918 - Germany launches a huge offensive on the western front
allies launched a counteroffensive which slowly drove Germany back
Kaiser stepped down in early November and fled into exile in the Netherlands
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire were declining and asking for peace
Germany made an armistice with the allies
The Human Toll
8.5 million died in the war
more than 2x that were wounded
6 million civilians died from the war
Economic Toll
In battle zones, homes, farms, factories, roads, and churches from France to Russia were destroyed
In Europe, the cost of reconstruction and paying off huge war debts was a burden
people were bitter about the war
the defeated territories were blamed for the war by the Allies and had to pay reparations
the Central Powers looked for others to blame
Political toll
Under stress governments collapsed in Russia, Germany , Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
Colonial troops returned home with a more cynical view of Europeans and renewed hope for independence
political radicals dreamed of building a new social order from the chaos
conservatives warned against the spread of communism
Allied Goals
allies met at paris peace conference (ppc) to discuss the fate of Europe
the central powers and russia were not allowed to take part in the negotiations
“big 3” - Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, George Clemenceau - they lead the PPC
at the ppc the most difficult issues were secret agreements made by allies
many people who had been ruled by Russia, Ottoman Empire, + Austria-Hungary now demanded nations states of their own
Wilson stood firm on his goal of creating internation league of nations
American Genocide
Christians were a minority group mostly in Muslim Ottoman Empire
Ottomans claim Armenians are traitors because they allied with Russia and order their deportation
How do countries enact total war
goods like food were rationed so soldiers on the front could have enough
women were encouraged to work in war time industries
Economic shift to wartime production
countries like Britain formed blockades to prevent goods from getting in to Germany
which type of military technology played the largest role in creating the long stalemate in the trenches on the western front
machine guns
best describes the concept of “total war” in WWI
propaganda campaigns encouraged people to ration food
why were posters necessary to the U.S. war effort
the U.S. entered the war late and had to mobilize quickly
economic reparation
Germany wad forced to assume complete responsibility for financial reparations
The chief goal of the league of nations was to
prevent future wars
the american refugees were fleeing from
attempted genocide by the ottoman turks
what role did women play i the war effort during WWI
they worked in war industries, manufacturing weapons and supplies