Anatomy of Head, Neck, and Upper Limb Muscles

epicranial aponeurosis

Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles

superior rectus

elevates the eye

superior oblique

Depresses, abducts, and intorts (rotates inward) the eye 

pelvic diaphragm

formed by the levator ani and coccygeus muscles, that supports pelvic organs like the bladder and rectum and plays a key role in urination, defecation, and childbirth

pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, ischial tuberosities laterally

pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, ischial tuberosities laterally boarders the perineum

urogenital triangle

bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and superficial transverse perineal muscles in the superficial layer

anal triangle

external and internal anal sphincters, the ischiorectal fossae, and the levator ani and coccygeus muscles

medial rectus

Adducts (turns inward) the eye

inferior oblique

Elevates, abducts, and extorts (rotates outward) the eye 

inferior rectus

Depresses the eye

lateral rectus

Abducts (turns outward) the eye

dendrite

act as the primary receivers and integrators of signals from other neurons

axon

(E) transmits electrical signals away from a neuron's cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands, acting as the communication cable of the nervous system 

myeline sheath

2. a fatty, insulating layer that surrounds and protects nerve fibers (axons) in the central and peripheral nervous systems

axon terminal/synaptic knob

(A and B forms this) transmit nerve signals from a neuron to another cell by releasing chemical messengers called neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

adductor magnus

adduct the thigh

iliopsoas

primary hip flexor muscle, formed by the psoas and iliacus muscles

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, suprascapularis

rotator cuff muscles 

frontalis

raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

occipitalis

Tenses and retracts scalp

temporalis

elevates mandible

orbicular oculi

blinks and closes eyes

zygomatic major

elevates and retracts angle of mouth (smiling)

buccinator

compresses cheek

masseter

elevates mandible 

external oblique

elevates ribs during forced inspiration

rectus abdominus

flexes body at lumbar region

linea alba

midline tendinous seam joining the abdominal muscles

serratus anterior

pulls scapula anteriorly and downward

trapezius

Elevates, depresses, abducts scapula

latissimus dorsi

Extension and adduction at shoulder

pectoralis major

adducts and flexes at shoulder

deltoid

abduction, flexion, and extension at shoulder

teres major

lateral rotation at shoulder

subscapularis

medial rotation at shoulder

supraspinatus

abduction at shoulder

infraspinatus

lateral rotation at shoulder

teres minor

lateral rotation at shoulder

biceps brachii

flexion at elbow

brachialis

flexion at elbow

triceps brachii

extension at elbow

pronator teres

pronates forearm

flexor carpi radialis

flexion and abduction at wrist

palmaris longus

flexion of wrist

extensor digitorum longus

Extends digits and dorsiflexion

iliacus

flexion at hip

sartorius

flexes, abducts, lateral rotation at hip and flexion at knee

gluteus maximus

abduction and extension at hip

rectus femoris

extension at knee and flexion at hip

vastus lateralis

extends at knee

vastus medialis

extends knee

biceps femoris

extension at hip and flexion at knee

semimembranosus

extension at hip and flexion at knee (deepest)

semitendinosus

extension at hip and flexion at knee

tibialis anterior

dorsiflexes at ankle

Gastrocnemius

plantar flexes at ankle

soleus

plantar flexion at ankle

calcaneal tendon

Serves as the insertion point for the superficial muscles of the calf

orbicularis oris

closes and protrudes lips