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What is an organic molecule?
a carbon-based molecule
What is a homologous series?
A family of organic compounds that have the same functional group, similar chemical properties and the same general formula
What is a functional group?
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.
How was crude oil formed?
Remains of plankton deposited in mud on the seabed. These remains were covered by sediments that became layers of rock when compressed over millions of years - the crude oil and natural gas were trapped in the layers of rock
How are fuels extracted from crude oil?
Fractional distillation
Describe the fractional distillation of crude oil
Crude oil is heated to 350 C in a furnace and the vapours enter the fractionating column.
The column is hottest at the bottom and cooler at the top
These vapours are hydrocarbons of different lengths and boiling points. The small chain hydrocarbons condense at the top. These hydrocarbons are of low viscosity and high volatility
When the hydrocarbon reaches the boiling point the fraction condenses and is collected into trays
Heavy droplets of bitumen do not boil and are collected from the bottom and methane gas is collected at the top
What is a fraction?
A mixture of hydrocarbons with a narrow range of boiling points
What are products of complete combustion of a fuel?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water (H20)
What are products of incomplete combustion?
Water, Soot (C) and/or Carbon monoxide (CO)
What do greenhouse gases cause?
Global warming and CO is toxic
What causes acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide (from oxidation of sulfur) and Nitrogen oxides (formed at high temperature reactions between oxygen and nitrogen in air)
What are alkanes?
saturated hydrocarbons
What is a saturated molecule?
A molecule that only contains single covalent bonds
What is the general formula for an alkane?
CnH2n+2
What are uses for alkanes?
fuels
What is cracking?
The breaking down of long-chain alkanes into alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes
What are the two types of cracking?
Catalytic and steam cracking
What are alkenes?
Hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the functional group for alkenes?
carbon-carbon double bond
What reactions do alkenes have?
Addition reactions
What is the product of addition with halogens?
Haloalkanes
What is the product of addition with hydrogen? (nickel catalyst)
Alkanes
What is the product of addition with steam? (conc. H3PO4 catalyst)
Primary Alcohols
How can you distinguish between an alkane and an alkene?
Add both to a solution of bromine water. If it is an alkene the bromine water with go from orange to colourless.
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