HoC 2

Jerome

Translated the Bible into Latin in the 4th Century

Vulgate

Latin translation of the Bible

Augustine

Developed Just War Theory, former follower of Manichaeism, believed in Original Sin and Predestination. Believed war was bad but sometimes necessary to restore peace or justice

Manichaeans

Believed humans weren’t responsible for their own sin. Believed in a cosmic power struggle between equally powerful forces of good and evil

Pelagius

Cardinal sent to Constantinople by the Pope to try and reconnect the Eastern and Western churches.

Neoplatonism

Distrust the senses as the source of knowledge

Pope Leo III

Crowned Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor.

Charles Martel

Grandfather of Charlemagne who led during the Battle of Tours in 732, stopped the Muslims from invading Europe past Spain.

Charlemagne

The first Holy Roman Emperor. Crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in 800

Peace of God

Clergy cannot carry weapons, so they are not allowed to be killed

Truce of God

Limit on the days people can fight (trying to make it not worthwhile to fight over small things)

Knights Templar

Military order of monks. Fought in the crusades. Praised by Bernard in “In Praise of a New Knighthood”

Reasons for Crusades

Save the Byzantine Empire, reunite the Church (East and West), recapture Holy Land,

-Pope Urban II said if they went, all their sins would be covered and they would go to heaven.

Babylonian Captivity of the Church

Belief that Pope did the will of France

Avignon Papacy

For 10 years, Popes resided in Avignon (France) and not in Rome.

Differences between Orthodox and Catholic (East and West)

Orthodox:

-Clergy could marry

-Did not use the Filioque (kept original Nicene Creed)

-Spoke Greek

-used leavened bread

-recognizes Pope as head of the Church, but not Universal (everyone else). Consensus on Patriarchs. Each major city had a patriarch appointed, and they would all meet together to discuss

Catholic:

-Clerical Celibacy (Priests and clergy could not marry)

-Used unleavened bread

-Filioque (“And the Son”)

-Latin

-Papal Primacy

Mendicant Orders

Order of Monasticism. The one who’s traveled around begging in response to the Crusades (which was a response to Islam) Monks who lived lives of extreme poverty, beginning, examples being Franciscans and Dominicans. Formed by St. Francis, allowed by Pope Leo III

Iconoclasts

Breakers of icons; Saw them as idols and people worshipping them as a form of idolatry

Iconodules

Venerators of the icons

Filioque

“And the Son” added to the Nicene Creed by the Western Church (Catholic), because the Holy Spirit precedes from the Father and the Son.

The Eastern Church (Orthodox) saw this as the Western Church saying their ruling of the Nicene Creed was invalid

Franciscans

Mendicant Order founded by St. Francis. An order of monks, and the very first Mendicant Order. They believed in extreme poverty (to the point of begging) and serving the poor

Dominicans

Founded by St. Dominic, second mendicant order. They preached to combat heresy and preached/taught orthodoxy, often called the “order of preachers”. Emphasized “study”, the need to know what you’re preaching. Discontinued practice of extreme poverty. Grew in universities due to emphasis on study.

St. Dominic

Founder of the Dominicans, the Second Mendicant Order

Scholasticism

13th century. Leader Anselm’s significance in the development is his desire to apply reason to questions of faith

Emperor Irene

Roman Emperor after her son is removed from the throne. Rejects marriage proposal from Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne is an to reunify both the Eastern and Western churches

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. Teacher of Plato. The reintroduction of Aristotle’s works of logic made a great on scholasticism

Medieval Synthesis

Religious and secular combined under one umbrella, under the Pope and Roman Emperor. Included economic and political. Church made the rules of engagement, even for war.

Just War Theory

Using force to restore peace or justice. Three elements

-Just Cause (must have a valid reason, such as restoring peace or helping people)

-Proper Authority (approval from government authority)

-Right Intention (killing people out of love, not hate. If the war is done to bring peace and reconciliation, killing someone is doing it for that purpose the greater good)

Muhammad

Founder and prophet of Islam. Went from Mecca to Medina in 622.

Unam Sanctum

Papal bull of Pope Boniface VIII. Said it is necessary for salvation of all people to submit to the Pope and be under his authority. If the kings of other nations do not do what he says, he gets to judge them. If the Pope does something wrong, only God can judge them.

Boniface VIII

Pope who levied taxes on England and France while they were in conflict and forbade clergy from providing monetary support to other secular powers. Edward of England submitted to Boniface’s authority, but Philip of France did not. Boniface excommunicated Philip.

3 main monastic vows

Poverty, chastity, and obedience

Photian Schism

867-who was the rightful patriarch of Constantinople. Deposited patriarch Ignatius (supported by West) or Photius (current patriarch, supported by East). Pope Nicholas declared Ignatius the rightful patriarch. Following the theological dispute of Filioque, Photius attributed bad intentions to the Pope.

Pope Leo IX (9th)

Seen as a reforming Pope by the West. Wanted to reform the Church, particularly the clergy, based on the monastic vows (poverty, simony, which means no buying or selling of church offices, chastity, meaning clerical celibacy, and obedience to the pope) . Sent Cardinal Humbert to negotiate with Michael Celarius in Constantinople in an attempt at unity .

Cardinal Humbert

Sent by Pope Leo IX to Constantinople to negotiate with Michael Cerularius. He wasn’t willing to learn Greek (which East Church spoke) and did not want to compromise. Following Leo IX’s death, Michael refuses to negotiate with him.

Michael Cerularius

Patriarch of Constantinople who was asked by Pope Leo IX to write to him and ask for his blessing to become patriarch, which he already was, and Michael refused.

Transubstantiation

Doctrine that says the substance of the body and blood of Christ replaces the bread and wine in communion. Supported by Thomas Aquinas

Substance

The essence of something, the reality of something, remains the same (it is still bread and wine)

Accidents

Shape, odor, taste, smell (of the bread or wine or both) things that can actually change

Communion in one kind

People (younger) may only eat the bread (body) because they did not want them to spill the chalice

Hadewijch

Female love mystic who envisioned a romantic relationship with Jesus. Beguine woman who swore herself to religious life, but not to a group (like nuns)

Innocent III

Called the Fourth Crusade. Let St. Francis of Assisi form a new order. Considered the most powerful Pope in the history of Christianity. Said the Pope had the power to appoint the Emperor, and meddled in many secular matters involving kings of other nations. Had the power to excommunicate other rulers and entire countries if they did not do what he said.

Conciliarism

The highest authority in the Church is not the Pope, but a general council representing the entire Church.

Council of Constance

Occurred in 1414. The Roman Pope resigns and Martin V is elected Pope in the city of Constance.

Part 2: Identifications. Coronation of Charlemagne 

December 25th, 800, Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor. It is the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire and a huge step toward Medieval Synthesis. Seen by the Byzantine Empire as an act of treason, as there already was an Emperor in Constantinople. 

Identification: The Crusades

The First Crusade was sent by Pope Urban II and seen as a Holy War. Reasons given were to save the Byzantine Empire, reunite both the East and West churches and recapture the Holy Land. The Pope also said that going on a crusade would cover the sins of that person. 

Identification: St. Francis of Assisi 

Founder of the first Mendicant Order, the Franciscans, with approval from Pope Leo III. Believed in extreme poverty to the point of begging and serving the poor. He also attempted to convert Muslims to Christianity.