Social Studies M2

no f except for jack king

Leif Eriksson

Norwegian explorer, son of Erik the Red, first European to explore the Americas

Henry the Navigator

King of Portugal who established a school of navigation and financed trips of exploration

astrolabe

A device that enabled navigators to learn their ship's location by charting the positions of the stars

caravels

Ships that used triangular sails to sail against the wind, and had rudders to improve steering

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who refound the Americas while trying to find India by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean

Line of Demarcation

Boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty between Spain and Portugal that moved the Line of Demarcation

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese captain who found a passage through South America called the Strait of Magellan, but died during the expedition because of a battle with Native Americans

circumnavigate

To travel all the way around the globe

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas

Hernán Cortes

Conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire

Moctezuma II

Ruler of the Aztec empire during the early 1500s

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador who captured the Inca capital and killed the Inca leaders

Encomienda system

System that gave settlers the right to tax Native Americans or to make them work

plantations

Large farms that grew just one kind of crop and made huge profits for their owners

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Priest who wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity by treating them in a better manner

Viceroy

Royal governors

Pueblos

Type of settlement in New Spain that served as trading posts and sometimes as centers of government

Missions

Outposts where Spanish converted Native Americans to Catholicism

Presidios

Military bases built to protect towns and missions

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement begun by Martin Luther and others in 1517 to reform the Catholic Church

Protestants

Reformers who protested certain practices of the Catholic Church

Spanish Armada

A large Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588

Northwest Passage

A nonexistent path through North America that early explorers searched for that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean

Jacques Cartier

French navigator who made three voyages to Canada for France. He explored the St. Lawrence River.

charter

An official document that gives a person the right to establish a colony