Studied by 2 peopledrive reduction theory
we are motivated to perform behaviors the reduce drives
yerkes-dodson law
arousal impacts performance; performance increases w arousal up to a certain point, the decreases
hierarchy of needs
maslows pyramid of human needs beginning w physiological needs before higher level needs
set point
point at which your body sets its ideal weight; when your body falls below this weight it increases hunger and lowers metabolic rate & vice versa
sexual response cycle
4 stages of sexual responding; excitement, plateau, orgasm, & resolution
affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
achievement motivation
desire to meet goals and experience sense of accomplishment
james lange theory
our experience of emotion reflects physiological states in the body; think → act → feel
cannon bard theory
physiological arousal + emotional feelings emerge at the same time
schacher two-factor theory
theory than in order to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal
ex; increased heart rate b4 test → interpreted as anxiety
facial feedback effect
tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings
ex; you’re smiling so you feel happy
behavior feedback effect
tendency of behavior to influence our emotion
ex; if you move as if you were sad ie; low eyes, tired movements, you are more likely to feel sad
general adaptation syndrome
the 3 stage adaptive response to stress;
alarm: recognizing stressors and mobilizes ways to cope
resistance: trying to cope w stressors
exhaustion: body shuts down; no more energy to cope
type A
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
type B
easygoing, relaxed people
catharsis
the idea that releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive feelings
subjective well being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction w life; used along w objective measures of well being to measure ppls quality of life
ex; having money, employment, housing
relative depravation
belief that someone feels that they have less than some comparative standard
ex; you can only afford a xbox one but your friend has a xbox series X
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and an importance of childhood experience
inferiority complex
hiding feelings of inferiority by flaunting superficial indicators of superiority
repression
blocking impulses or memories from consciousness
regression
reverting to an early pd in psych dev
displacement
shifting aggression toward someone/ thing other than cause of feelings
projection
assigning own thoughts + feelings to another person
denial
refusing to accept relality
reaction formation
behaving opposite to how you truly feel
rationalization
using excuses to explain away unacceptable thoughts/ feelings
sublimination
redirecting an unacceptable feeling to smt w/ social value
ex; you take your anger out by doing sports
id
follows pleasure principle & wants immediate gratification; doesn’t care an consequences
ex; devil on your should
ego
follows reality principle and negotiates between id & realistic limitations
ex; middle ground between angle and devil
superego
follows morality, always does what is “morally correct”
ex; angle on your shoulder
psychosexual stages
childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, the id focuses on erogenous zones
collective unconcious
shared inherited memory from our species history
ex; universal fear of tigers, snakes, etc
terror-management theory
death-related anxiety; peoples emotional and behavioral responses of impending death
unconditional positive regard
a caring, non judge-mental attitude
“big 5” personality triats
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion
conscientiousness
being organized/ systematic
barnum effect
tendency to accept vague descriptions ab yourself
ex; horoscopes
agreeableness
being tolerant/ sensitive
neuroticism
being anxious/ irratible
openness
being curious/ open to new ideas
extraversion
being out going/ sociable
personality inventory
questionare often w T/F or agree/disagree items that gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors to asses personality traits
empirically derived test
test developed by finding traits and things common between groups
reciprocal determinism
suggests a persons behavior is influenced by environmental factors & internal cognition
ex; you dont like going to school so you act out
spotlight effect
overestimating how much others notice & evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders
self efficacy
sense of confidence in your capability to do a certain task
self serving bias
readiness to perceive oneself favorably
ex; getting a good grade and saying is was bc you’re naturally smart
individualism
giving priority to ones own goals over group goals
collectivism
giving priority to goals of ones group
richard lazarus
cognitive appraisal theory
researched emotion
joseph ledoux
high road & low road
studied how emotions go to our brains
martin seligman
learned helplessness
positive psychologist
leon festinger
social psychologist
studied cognitive dissonance
robert mcrace & paul costa
personality tests
big 5
paul ekman
studied how facial expressions effect mood
facial action coding system
william james
said that arousal comes b4 emotion
james-lange theory
alfred adler
believed that childhood was social not sexual
inferiority complex
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