AP psych unit 7

drive reduction theory

we are motivated to perform behaviors the reduce drives

yerkes-dodson law

arousal impacts performance; performance increases w arousal up to a certain point, the decreases

hierarchy of needs

maslows pyramid of human needs beginning w physiological needs before higher level needs

set point

point at which your body sets its ideal weight; when your body falls below this weight it increases hunger and lowers metabolic rate & vice versa

sexual response cycle

4 stages of sexual responding; excitement, plateau, orgasm, & resolution

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

achievement motivation

desire to meet goals and experience sense of accomplishment

james lange theory

our experience of emotion reflects physiological states in the body; think → act → feel

cannon bard theory

physiological arousal + emotional feelings emerge at the same time

schacher two-factor theory

theory than in order to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal

ex; increased heart rate b4 test → interpreted as anxiety

facial feedback effect

tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings

ex; you’re smiling so you feel happy

behavior feedback effect

tendency of behavior to influence our emotion

ex; if you move as if you were sad ie; low eyes, tired movements, you are more likely to feel sad

general adaptation syndrome

the 3 stage adaptive response to stress;

• alarm: recognizing stressors and mobilizes ways to cope

• resistance: trying to cope w stressors

• exhaustion: body shuts down; no more energy to cope

type A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people

type B

easygoing, relaxed people

catharsis

the idea that releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive feelings

subjective well being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction w life; used along w objective measures of well being to measure ppls quality of life

ex; having money, employment, housing

relative depravation

belief that someone feels that they have less than some comparative standard

ex; you can only afford a xbox one but your friend has a xbox series X

psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and an importance of childhood experience

inferiority complex

hiding feelings of inferiority by flaunting superficial indicators of superiority

repression

blocking impulses or memories from consciousness

regression

reverting to an early pd in psych dev

displacement

shifting aggression toward someone/ thing other than cause of feelings

projection

assigning own thoughts + feelings to another person

denial

refusing to accept relality

reaction formation

behaving opposite to how you truly feel

rationalization

using excuses to explain away unacceptable thoughts/ feelings

sublimination

redirecting an unacceptable feeling to smt w/ social value

ex; you take your anger out by doing sports

id

follows pleasure principle & wants immediate gratification; doesn’t care an consequences

ex; devil on your should

ego

follows reality principle and negotiates between id & realistic limitations

ex; middle ground between angle and devil

superego

follows morality, always does what is “morally correct”

ex; angle on your shoulder

psychosexual stages

childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, the id focuses on erogenous zones

collective unconcious

shared inherited memory from our species history

ex; universal fear of tigers, snakes, etc

terror-management theory

death-related anxiety; peoples emotional and behavioral responses of impending death

unconditional positive regard

a caring, non judge-mental attitude

“big 5” personality triats

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

conscientiousness

being organized/ systematic

barnum effect

tendency to accept vague descriptions ab yourself

ex; horoscopes

agreeableness

being tolerant/ sensitive

neuroticism

being anxious/ irratible

openness

being curious/ open to new ideas

extraversion

being out going/ sociable

personality inventory

questionare often w T/F or agree/disagree items that gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors to asses personality traits

empirically derived test

test developed by finding traits and things common between groups

reciprocal determinism

suggests a persons behavior is influenced by environmental factors & internal cognition

ex; you dont like going to school so you act out

spotlight effect

overestimating how much others notice & evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders

self efficacy

sense of confidence in your capability to do a certain task

self serving bias

readiness to perceive oneself favorably

ex; getting a good grade and saying is was bc you’re naturally smart

individualism

giving priority to ones own goals over group goals

collectivism

giving priority to goals of ones group

richard lazarus

• cognitive appraisal theory

• researched emotion

joseph ledoux

• high road & low road

• studied how emotions go to our brains

martin seligman

• learned helplessness

• positive psychologist

leon festinger

• social psychologist

• studied cognitive dissonance

robert mcrace & paul costa

• personality tests

• big 5

paul ekman

• studied how facial expressions effect mood

• facial action coding system

william james

• said that arousal comes b4 emotion

• james-lange theory

alfred adler

• believed that childhood was social not sexual

• inferiority complex