modernization japan, china, ottoman empire

China was strong under the Qing but faced growing internal problems and limited foreign contact, which were exacerbated by the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion.

What internal problems did China face from 1750 to 1864 that hindered modernization?

The Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion.

What events exposed China's weaknesses and slowed its modernization efforts between 1750 and 1864?

China attempted limited reforms, but war, foreign invasion, and civil conflict made progress difficult.

What challenges did China encounter in its modernization efforts from 1864 to 1949?

The Communists took control and pushed for major change.

What significant change occurred in China after years of chaos from 1864 to 1949?

The Ottomans began modernizing their military and government to keep up with Europe, which included reforms in laws, education, and administration.

What modernization efforts did the Ottoman Empire undertake from 1750 to 1856?

Reforms continued amid political struggles and growing nationalism, but the empire collapsed after World War I.

How did the Ottoman Empire's modernization process evolve from 1856 to 1950?

The new Turkish Republic modernized quickly under Atatürk with Western-style changes.

What rapid modernization occurred in Turkey after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire?

Japan ended its isolation due to Western pressure and began major reforms, modernizing its army, schools, and industry using Western ideas.

What major reforms did Japan implement from 1750 to 1889?

Japan became a world power through military and industrial growth, but rising militarism led to war and defeat in World War II.

How did Japan's status change from 1890 to 1946?

Japan underwent Allied occupation and significant change after its defeat.

What was the outcome of Japan's defeat in World War II in terms of modernization?