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Evolution
A change in the genetic composition of a population over time.
Adaptation
A heritable trait that enhances an organism's survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
Descent with Modification
The process by which species evolve from common ancestors, accumulating changes over time.
Natural Selection
A process in which individuals with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals.
Cognates
Words derived from the same common ancestor, recognized by having related meanings and similar sounds.
Ecology
The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment.
Ecosystem
The interactions between communities and their environments, both biotic and abiotic.
Hadley Cells
Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns that result in predictable patterns of rainfall and aridity.
Population
A group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area.
Biotic factors
Living components of the environment, such as other organisms.
Abiotic factors
Non-living components of the environment, such as temperature, precipitation, light, and nutrients.
Homology
Similarity resulting from shared ancestry.
Coriolis Effect
The apparent deflection of moving objects (like air and water currents) due to the Earth's rotation.
Theory (scientific)
A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.
Uniformitarianism
The principle that Earth's geological features can be explained by processes that still occur today, operating over long periods of time.
Rain Shadow
A dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range.
Heritability
The proportion of trait variation in a population accounted for by genetic variation in the population.
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