Semester 1 Review 2024

Levels of organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Functions of the skeletal system

shape and support, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, movement

Functions of the integumentary system

protection, production of vitamin D, regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, sensory response

parts of the integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

Functions of the Muscular System

Movement and Stability

Muscular System

Skeletal System

Integumentary System

Endocrine System

System where glands produce chemical hormones that regulate processes such as growth, and reproduction by body cells.

Gland

An organ that produces and releases chemical hormones through the endocrine system into the bloodstream.

Hormone

Chemical messenger produced by the endocrine glands to signal the body

Nervous System

The body's electric communication system, made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves

Immune System

System that protects against infection and disease

Endocrine System

Immune System

Nervous System

Digestive System

A system that provides nutrients to the body

Respiratory System

A system that removes Carbon Dioxide and takes in Oxygen

Circulatory System

A system that transports oxygen, nutrients and waste products around the body

Urinary System

filters blood and removes waste in the form of urine

Natural Selection

A process in which organisms that have variations that give an advantage then reproduce at higher rates and pass on those adaptations.

Selective Breeding (artificial selection)

The process of humans breeding organisms that results on offspring with desired genetic traits.

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Energy Pyramid

A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another in a food chain

Trophic Level

the position that an organism occupies in a food chain, food web, or energy pyramid (e.g., producer, primary consumer, etc.)

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms in a food chain/web/pyramid

Producer

An organism that makes its own food in a food chain/web/pyramid

Autotroph

Broad category organisms that make their own food

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

10% Law

Only 10% of the energy in one trophic level gets passed onto the next trophic level

Decomposer

an organism, especially bacteria, fungus or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.

Energy lost to the environment in an energy pyramid.

heat

The direction energy moves in an energy pyramid

from bottom to top

Watershed

An area where all groundwater and surface water drains into the same body of water.

Surface Water

Water that collects above the surface of the ground

Groundwater

The water that is beneath Earth's surface

Aquifer

A permeable rock layer that can hold or transport groundwater

Runoff

Water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground

Oil, Fertilizer, Sewage, Pesticides, Chemicals

Types of groundwater contamination

Artificial Reef

A man-made structure placed in the ocean to promote marine life and enhance fishing opportunities.

Overfishing

The practice of catching fish at a rate faster than they can reproduce, leading to a decline in fish populations.

Dead Zones

areas in the ocean with low oxygen levels, often caused by algae and water plant blooms.

Fertilizer Runoff

The flow of extra fertilizers from agricultural land into water bodies.

Fossil Fuels

Release Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere

Deforestation

The clearing or thinning of forests by humans.

Effects of Fertilizer Runoff

harmful excess water plant growth, oxygen depletion in water, and disruption of aquatic ecosystems.

Effects of Deforestation

Increases Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere and soil erosion.

Prokaryote

Most basic cell; No nucleus or organelles; (Pro=No)

Kingdoms: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Eukaryote

Complex Cell; Do have nucleus & organelles (Eu=Do)

Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

Motile

Kingdom Animalia

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Autotrophic

Non-motile

Kingdom Plantae

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

Non-motile

Kingdom Fungi

Dutch Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species