HDFS 2300 Exam 2 (chapt 5-9)

social class

discrete categories of ppl similar in levels of education, income, occupational status, housing, lineage

Socioeconomic status (SES)

defined primarily by education, income level, and occupational status; continuous variable

ladders

continuum, easy and fluid to move up/down,American dream- SES

boxes

statified, mostly stay in group across generations- social class, more realistic in US

life chances

practical opportunity/likelihood of achieving material conditions and experiences vs abstract “freedom”

corporate/managerial (upper class)

top 1%, high standard of living, high social influences, generational wealth

middle class

44% stable employment, good education + job skills

working class

44%, lower education/training, similar income but less job stability+ benefits, easy to drop to low class

lower class

8%, less education, low incomes, high job instability, often depends on govt assistance

likely to marry within group bc

how meeting ppl (job, school, etc)

social capital

relationships/networks give you access to resources- not tangible, but can result in tangible benefits (job offer, promotion)

class identity

awareness and sense of belonging to specific social class/SES

income fluctuates more than sense of overall social class

true

social inequality

rich/poor gap, U.S worst in affluent countries

federal minimum wage has decreased in “real” value since 1970s

true

middle class split to working class due to

diff in education levels

covid made inequality worse bc

higher incomes could work from home, women more likely to be frontline workers, less affordable childcare made it hard for women to work

poverty

family of 2 (single parent w/ 1 child) make $21,150

poverty level is no longer used to set minimum wage

true

abt 60% ppl in U.S will experience at least 1 yr of their incomes being in bottom 20% of population

true

racial disparities in poverty

35% white, 61% black, 66% hispanic

1/3 single parent in poverty, most single mothers

true

same-sex and trans more likely to live in poverty

true

avg cost of raising kids is $233,610, excludes college

true

identity tasks w/ SES and class

cultural identity (higher education vs. work level expected?)

low-income families less likely to have books/educational toys, parents interact less w/ kids

true

external boundaries w/ SES and class

low-income likely to live in intergenerational house, higher expectations of mutual support

maintenance tasks w/ SES and class

most directly impacted by SES- poverty leads to poor nutrition, higher death rates, etc

managing emotional climate w/ SES and class

marital stress/dissatisfaction higher in low income

household

ppl who live together

family

familially related ppl

polygamy most common form of marriage in human history and globally, why?

more adults means more resources

Most Native American marriages also were typically monogamous, before and during colonial times

true

Doctrine of coverture

rule of law until early-mid 1900s in Europe and U.S- women no citizenship other than through a man, previously covered by father

industrialization + 2 world wars changed work/home life and men/women roles shifted how?

(white) women re-entered workforce, men at war

steady decline in marriages after ww2

true

year legalization of gay marriage

2015

1970 no fault-divorce laws

can divorce to divorce

older adults divorce rate increasing, rest divorce rates decline/plateau 

true

1700s percentage of kids died before adults

half

avg women gave birth to how many kids

7

childbirth leading cause of death for women in 1700s

true

condoms made in 

1850

congress criminalized birth control until 1938 bc

encourage married women to reproduce, NOT lower income women

fertility at all-time low- how many kids per family

2.1

1854 orphan trains

Not truly adopted and not truly orphans-often children of poor parents and was more like indentured servitude than adoption

child abuse was processed by

ASPCA (animals)

identity tasks w/ diff family structures

More ppl in your family, more complexity involved in coming to sense of congruence abt how you view one another and roles in family, and who “should” be doing what

boundaries w/ diff family structures

Large families w/ many members have more possible alliances and boundaries between members than small families

maintenance tasks w/ diff family structures

Families w/ more, younger children have more demands around childrearing than do couples w/out children

managing emotional climate w/ diff family structures

• Stepfamilies often have more difficulties developing cohesion among family members than do families where all members are biologically related

• Divorced families often have harder time navigating conflict in constructive ways than married families

• Only children have diff experiences w/ closeness and rivalry than children w/ many close in age siblings

• Single parents are less-likely to have a stay-at-home parent, which changes closeness of relationships

ethnicity

country/culture of origin, no genetic basis

race

social construct, no genetic diff- defined by skin color

minority group

could be demographically in minority, mostly abt power/social positions though

until late 1800s few to no immigration laws, open immigration

open

chinese exclusion act

prohibited Chinese laborers entry to U.S for 10 yrs, set precedent for barring categories of immigrants

immigration act

50 cent tax to enter country, and exclusion of “any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of him or herself”

immigration act of 1891

expanded prohibition of polygamists, convicted of crimes of moral depravity, and those w/ contagious diseases, created office of Superintendent of Immigration

Immigration Act of 1924/Johnson-Reed Act

created national origins quota, 2% total # of ppl of each nationality in U.S based on 1890 census, anned asians, but no quota for those from Western hemisphere

Nationality Act of 1940

Created comprehensive nationality code, conditions to acquire citizenship through birth (birthright citizenship), and outlined naturalization process

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952

modified quota system-rescinded ban on Asian immigrants, and set quotas at ⅙ of 1% of nationality’s population in U.S as of 1920, allowed President to suspend entry of any class of ppl if it would be “detrimental to US interests”

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Created worldwide limit on immigration (remains currently)

Refugee Act of 1980

standardized process for admitting refugees to U.S, president can exceed limits for humanitarian purposes after consultation

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Illegal to knowingly hire ppl unauthorized to work in U.S, created system for verifying legal status 

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996

Enforcement of immigration law, Introduced civil penalties for crossing borders illegally, applied new restrictions to asylum applications, Construction of new fencing near San Diego, CA

Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002

greater resources to border security, new intelligence sharing measures, created data system

Secure Fence Act of 2006

New surveillance system for land and sea borders, 700 miles of new fencing along Mexico border

1965 immigration

allowed immigration of spouses, kids, and parents of U.S citizens 

2012: deferred action for childhood arrivals

Ppl who entered country illegally as kids wouldn’t be deported and can work in U.S, temporary protection, limited to kids in school

zero tolerance policy 2017

children separated at borders

how many permanent visas yearly

675,000

current immigration policies

no limit of US citizens spouses, parents, and kids under 21, no group of permanent immigrants from 1 country can exceed 7% of total number of ppl immigrating to US in given year

refugee

anyone who is outside of their country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return to their country because of either persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution

asylee

type of refugee already present in the US or who is
seeking admission at a port of entry- can apply at port or within 1 yr entry to U.S

Refugees must apply for resident status within 1 yr of admission to the US, and asylees must apply for resident status one year after being
granted asylum

true

5 yrs after achieving resident status, refugees and asylees both can apply for naturalizations as U.S citizens, but don’t have to

true

transnational families

live in 2 countries 1 parent purses better opportunity for benefit of family

satellite kids

face difficulties upon reunification w/ lack of attachment to parents and adjusting to new host country

anchor babies