The Enlightenment and Its Impact on Revolutions

Enlightenment

Movement emphasizing reason and individualism, influencing revolutions.

Empiricism

Knowledge derived from experience, not reasoning.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher believing man is inherently evil.

John Locke

Philosopher opposing Hobbes, advocating natural rights.

Philosophies

Social thinkers building on scientific ideas.

Montesquieu

French philosopher advocating checks and balances.

Voltaire

Philosopher promoting freedom of religion and expression.

Rousseau

Philosopher writing about social contracts and optimism.

Adam Smith

Philosopher advocating laissez-faire market principles.

Invisible Hand

Market's self-regulating nature without government intervention.

Deism

Belief in a non-interfering divine force.

Thomas Paine

Writer advocating for independence in Common Sense.

Conservatism

Belief in preserving traditional institutions.

Socialism

Political system with worker ownership of production.

Utopian Socialism

Ideal societies created by socialist principles.

Henri de Saint-Simon

Advocated collaboration between engineers and businesses.

Charles Fourier

Proposed passions to improve working class lives.

Robert Owen

Established socialist colonies emphasizing education and community.

Classical Liberalism

Political ideology advocating individual freedoms and rights.

Nationalism

Political ideology emphasizing national identity and unity.

Liberalism

Political philosophy promoting individual rights and freedoms.

Age of Isms

Period characterized by emerging political ideologies.

Classical Liberalism

Belief in natural rights and constitutional government.

Laissez-faire Economics

Economic system with minimal government intervention.

Male Suffrage

The right of adult males to vote.

Feminism

Movement advocating for women's equal treatment.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Philosopher advocating for women's education rights.

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Wollstonecraft's work on women's education equality.

1848 Women's Suffrage Convention

First American convention for women's voting rights.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document asserting equality of men and women.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Abolitionism

Movement aimed at ending slavery.

Slave Trade Ban

Prohibition of the slave trade before slavery itself.

Denmark 1803

First country to ban the slave trade.

Brazil 1888

Last country to abolish slavery.

End of Serfdom

Decline of serfdom due to industrialization.

Industrialization

Transition to industrial economies affecting social structures.

Zionism

Desire for a Jewish homeland.

Dreyfus Affair

Event that affected support for Zionism.

Empiricism

Knowledge derived from sensory experience.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating for social contract and rights.

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith's foundational work on capitalism.

Deism

Belief in a non-intervening creator.

Conservatives

Those resisting change and upholding tradition.

Abolitionist Movement

Campaign to end slavery and the slave trade.

Serfs

23 million serfs freed in Russia.

Propaganda Movement

Campaign for reform in the Philippines.

Enlightenment Ideals

Philosophies promoting liberty and equality.

American Revolution

Colonial revolt against British mercantilism.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring American colonies' freedom.

John Locke

Philosopher influencing American revolutionary thought.

Life, Liberty, and Property

Locke's concept transformed into Jefferson's phrase.

New Zealand Wars

Conflicts between British and Maori people.

Economic Woes

French Revolution caused by crippling national debt.

Estates General

Assembly representing France's three estates.

Reign of Terror

Radical phase of the French Revolution.

Bastille Day

July 14, 1789; storming of the Bastille.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document outlining human rights in France.

Louis XVI

King of France, resisted limited monarchy.

Jacobins

Radical group leading the French Revolution.

Haitian Revolution

Revolt of enslaved people against French colonists.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Maroons

Escaped slaves who joined the Haitian fight.

French Revolution

Revolution inspired by American ideals and economic issues.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Turned France into an empire in 1804.

liberté, égalité, fraternité

French slogan for liberty, equality, brotherhood.

L'Ouverture

Leader who helped Haiti gain independence in 1801.

Haitian Constitution

Drafted by L'Ouverture, promoting equality and freedom.

Governor for Life

Title declared by L'Ouverture for himself.

Dessalines

L'Ouverture's successor who declared Haitian independence in 1804.

First Black-led Nation

Haiti became the first in the Western Hemisphere.

Successful Slave Rebellion

Haiti's revolution was the only permanent success.

Enlightenment Ideals

Both revolutions were inspired by human rights concepts.

Casta System

Rigid social hierarchy that divided Latin American colonies.

Creoles

People of European ancestry born in the Americas.

Spanish Mercantilism

Economic policy restricting trade to Spain.

Mestizos

People of mixed heritage seeking political power.

Bolivar Revolution

Independence movements led by Simon Bolivar in Latin America.

Simon Bolivar

Wealthy Venezuelan who fought for independence.

Military Success

Bolivar achieved victories against Spanish forces.

Liberal Ideals

Bolivar advocated for free markets and against slavery.

New Constitutions

Post-revolution documents aimed at reducing social distinctions.

Voting Restrictions

Peru barred non-Spanish speakers from voting until 1860.

Manuela Saenz

Colonel who fought alongside Bolivar for independence.

Puerto Rican Independence Movement

Movement against Spanish rule led by Lola de Rodriguez Tio.

Exile

Lola de Rodriguez Tio faced multiple exiles for activism.

Social Justice Work

Lola continued her efforts until her death.

Propaganda Movement

Campaign for reform in the Philippines against colonial rule.

Spanish Colonization

Philippines remained a Spanish colony until 19th century.

Education in Philippines

Wealthy families sent sons to study in Spain.

Nationalist Fever

Inspired by Enlightenment ideals in the Philippines.

Propaganda Movement

Publications advocating for autonomy, viewed with suspicion.

Filipino Revolution

Began in 1896, fueled by nationalist sentiments.

Nationalism

Identity based on shared language and borders.

Napoleonic Rule

Flourished nationalism in Germanic regions.

Realpolitik

Politics of reality, used by Count Di Cavor.

Italian Unification

Count Di Cavor aimed to unite Italian peninsula.

Austrian Manipulation

Cavor maneuvered Austria into war with France.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Adopted romantic revolutionary philosophy for Italy.

German Nationalism

Resisted French occupation, leading to revolutions.