BIO 116 Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life

Chapter 2

Matter

anything that has weight and takes up space

Element

Pure substances made of one kind of atom

Isotope

atoms of the SAME ELEMENT with DIFFERENT number of NEUTRONS

Cohesion

The ability of water molecules to cling to ONE ANOTHER

Adhesion

The abilities of water molecules to sling to a SURFACE

Solution

Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solvent

Dissolving agent

List the charge and location of PROTONS

Charge: +1

Location: Atomic Nucleus

List the charge and location of NEUTRONS

Charge: 0

Location: Atomic Nucleus

List the charge and location of ELECTRONS

Charge: -1

Location: Orbiting the Nucleus

List and Define the Three types of chemical bonds

Covalent Bonds - Electrons are SHARED

Ionic Bonds - Held together by OPPOSITES

Hydrogen Bonds - SLIGHTLY positive atoms bond with SLIGHTLY negative

Distinguish between polar covalent bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds

Polar Covalent shared UNEQUALLY

Nonpolar Covalent shared EQUALLY

Why is ice less dense than water?

Crystal structures has more empty space, less weight

What is the solubility rule?

Like dissolves Like

Why does water and oil not mix?

Oil is hydrophobic

identify acids, bases, and neutral

Acid 6 down

Neutral is 7

Base 8 up

Identify the subunits (building blocks) for carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Identify the subunits (building blocks) for lipids

Fats, phospholipds, steroids

Identify the subunits (building blocks) for proteins

Structure = Function

Identify the subunits (building blocks) for nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

What is our most important energy source?

Carbohydrates

What are the four polysaccharides?

1. Starch

2. Glycogen

3. Cellulose

4. Chitin

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Saturated has NO double-bonds in Hydrocarbon - Unsaturated has One or MORE double-bonds

Saturated solidifies at room temp - Unsaturated liquifies at room temp

Saturated animal origin - Unsaturated plant origin

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

Rule of Octets

Outer shell is stable once it has 8 electrons

First shell only has….

2 electrons