unit one ap bio

Water Properties

Adhesion, Cohesion, High specific heat, Temperature moderation, Hydrogen bonding, Surface tension

Nucleic Acids – 3 Components

Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, Nitrogenous base

DNA vs RNA

DNA: deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, bases A-T-C-G, stores genetic information.
RNA: ribose sugar, single-stranded, bases A-U-C-G, involved in protein synthesis

Lipids – Properties

C:H:O ratio ≈ 1:2:1 (less oxygen), nonpolar, hydrophobic

Triglycerides

Energy storage molecules made of glycerol and three fatty acids

Phospholipids

Major component of cell membranes; hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

Steroids

Four fused carbon rings; function as hormones and membrane components (cholesterol)

Waxes

Waterproofing and protection in plants and animals

Carbohydrates – Properties

C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1, quick energy source, structural support

Monosaccharides

Single sugar units; examples include glucose and fructose

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together; example: sucrose

Polysaccharides

Long chains of sugars used for storage or structure (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)

Amino Acid Structure

Central carbon bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and variable R group

Protein Functions

Enzymes, structure, transport, signaling, movement, defense

Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Secondary Structure

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonding

Tertiary Structure

Overall 3-D shape caused by interactions between R groups

Quaternary Structure

Protein made of multiple polypeptide chains bonded together