Microbio test 3

Bacillus anthracis

•  agent of anthrax

Clostridium tetani

• cause of tetanus

Clostridium perfringens

• cause of gas gangrene (lethal infection of soft tissues) 

Clostridium botulinum

• cause of botulism (toxins that can be fatal) 

Clostridioides difficile

“C. diff,” a serious gastrointestinal disease

Fimbriae

 tiny bristle structures sprouting off surface 

Main function is adhesion - attaching bacteria to the host cell which allows it to colonize.

archaella

structure on archaea that allows for movement 

-They are simpler and slower than flagella

pilli

often differentiated from fimbriae due to their specialized functions: can participate in conjugation

nanotubules

thin, long tubular extensions of cytoplasmic membrane.  Used as channels to transfer amino acids or to harvest energy by shuttling electrons to iron-rich substances (“breathing rock instead of oxygen”)

hami

• Tiny grappling hook attaches to things. aids in biofilm formation. encourages formation fo community

Glycocalyx

Coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units: dense meshwork that surrounds the cell

• special role in biofilm production

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Comprehensive view of bacterial and archaeal relatedness. Based on rRNA sequencing

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

Based entirely on phenotypic characteristics. Categorizes organisms based on traits commonly assayed in clinical, teaching, and research labs such as shape as seen in a microscope, or metabolic capabilities (what they need to grow)

Streptococcus pyogenes

Causative agent of strep throat  

can also cause infections in Inner ear, mammary glands, and skin as imetigo 

Group A is responsible for streptococcal TSS and scarlet fever

• This group produces a pyrogenic exotoxin 

• Rare cases can cause severe systemic infections and necrotizing fasciitis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Causative agent of pneumonia  

• Its a common secondary infection 

• Commonly in elderly people whose death is of respiratory failure 

Diphtheria

• Causative agent is Corynebacterium diphtheriae  

• Respiratory disease in young children 

• DTap vaccine is highly effective 

• signs/symptoms - a swollen neck, restricted airflow and swallowing, and severe sore throat 

Pertussis

• Causative agent is Bordetella pertussis 

• School age children are commonly affected

• DTap vaccine is highly effective 

• It is endemic worldwide

• Inadequately immunized children, adolescents, and adults are at high risk for acquiring and spreading pertussis

Tuberculosis

Causative agent is mycobacterium tuberculosis 

found Worldwide and Transmitted by airborne droplets 

1.5 million per year → top infectious disease killer worldwide 

infection levels: Primary and post primary (reinfection) 

Tuberculoid, lepromatous

• __________ leprosy is characterized by a vigorous immune response and a good prognosis for spontaneous recovery Less-pronounced lesions

• ____________leprosy- Most serious form. Characterized by folded, bulblike lesions on the body. Severe untreated cases of leprosy the disfiguring lesions lead to destruction of peripheral nerves

Rickettsial Diseases

• small bacteria that have strict intracellular existence in vertebrate -  growth takes place primarily in phagocytes such as macrophages 

• associated with Blood sucking arthropods (ticks) 

•  have not been cultured in artificial media

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

• disease has this causative agent and vector:

  • rickettsia reckettisii – ticks 

Epidemic typhus, Typhus Fever

 disease has this Causative agent and vector

• Rickettsia prowazekii - lice 

Endemic typhus

disease has this Causative agent and vector  

• rickettsia typhi - fleas

Lyme Disease

• Causative agent is borrelia burgdorferi and it’s vector is the deer tick 

• Most prevalent arythropod -borne disease in the United States 

• Headache, backache, chills, fatique, in 75 cases a large rash around site of tick bite 

plague

• Yersinia pestis - a gram negative facultatively aerobic rod shaped  

• fleas are immediate hosts and vectors 

• If treated promptly mortality reduced to less than 5%. Can be treated if it is rapidly diagnosed. Treated with antibiotics 

  • IT IS ENDEMIC 

• Bubonic and pneumonic 

• What are the two main forms of plague?

anthrax

• Causative agent is bacillus anthracis (gram + rod shaped)

• endospores enhance ability to disseminate B. Anthracis. Really easy to transfer 

• The natural reservoir is soils and it is primarily associated with farm animals  

• Treatable with antibiotics (if done early)

• Vaccine is available for high-risk individuals

• Use as a potential bioterrorism or biological warfare agent

Robert koch

• Who identified anthrax?

cholera

• Causative agent is Vibrio Cholerae  

• transmitted by drinking contaminated water 

• found in Developing countries

• This enterotoxin causes fluid losses of up to 20 liters per person per day severe dehydration

  • The mortality rate from untreated is 25–50%

  • Treatment reduces this to < 1%

Typhoid Fever

• Causative agent is Salmonella enterica 

• transmitted In feces-contaminated water 

• found in Africa and southeast Asia 

  • Progresses in several stages →  ingested cells reach the small intestine →  grow →  enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream travel to many different organs

salmonella and listeria

Two specific organisms that account for many foodborne illnesses

Salmonellosis

• Causative agent is contaminated food with salmonella or handling salmonella infected animals

• Onset occurs 12-72 hours after ingestion. Normally resolves in 2-5 days 

• Salmonella ingested in food or water Invades phagocytes and grows as an intracellular pathogen 

Listeriosis

• Causative agent is listeria monocytogenes 

• resistant to acid, salt, cold tolerant and facultatively aerobic 

• side effect: Bacteremia(bacteria in blood) and meningitis 

• A minor foodborne pathogen in terms of the number of cases observed per year BUT infections can be severe and cause up to 25% of all deaths from foodborne illness in the US

  • Mortality rate is 16%, primarily seen in the elderly, pregnant women, newborns, and adults with weakened immune systems

• L. monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen. Uptake of the pathogen by phagocytes results in the growth and proliferation of the bacterium 

Saprobic

 these substrates from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats

Ciguatera

 a serious intoxication caused by algal toxins that have accumulated in fish (e.g. bass and mackerel) 

• Cooking doesn’t destroy toxin; No antidote

s-layer

Found in many bacteria and nearly all Archaea, consisting of paracrystalline monolayer of interlocking molecules of protein or glycoprotein. It’s the outermost layer in the cell envelope when present.

plasmids

Non Essential pieces of DNA and confers protective traits such as drug resistance and toxin and enzyme production.

serotype

Representative of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody (serum) responses because of unique surface molecules

biofilm

Bacteria that act as a group in colonies

Pleomorphismcoccus

variations in cell wall structure caused by slight genetic or nutritional differences

vibrio

Singly occurring rods that are gently curved

spirochete

Contains periplasmic flagella, a more flexible form that resembles a spring. (Syphilis is this form)

Streptobacilli

a rod shaped chain with several cells

sarcina

• cubical packet of eight, sixteen, or more cells

Lipopolysaccharide

component in gram negative membrane that Signals molecules and receptors. Contains Endotoxin (Lipid A)

porin protein

• Special membrane channels that only the outer membrane allows certain chemicals to penetrate

Archaea

They lack true peptidoglycan structure and most lack and outer membrane. they have S layers instead

mycoplasma

bacteria that naturally lack cell wall but have Sterols, which is used to stabilize the cell against lysis

L forms

• These bacteria naturally have a cell wall but lose it during part of their life cycle

• have a role in persistent infections and are resistant to some antibiotics

Archaea

Which prokaryotic domains contain s-layers

s layer

composed of paracrystalline monolayer of interlocking molecules of proteins and have the same functions as cell walls

endospore

 Dormant bodies that are resistant to Heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would normally kill vegetative cells. 

sporulation

The process of cellular differentiation that results in endospore formation

germination

The process of an endospore converting back to a vegetative cell rapidly

cytoskeleton

• Arranged in helical ribbons around the cell. Have been identified in archaea. Unique to non-eukaryotic cells - may be a potential target for antibiotic development

Conidiospores

• free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

Sporangiospores

• formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore

zygospores

• sturdy diploid spores formed when hyphae of two opposite strains (called the plus and minus strains) fuse and create a diploid zygote that swells and becomes covered by strong, spiny walls 

dermatophytes

Unique group of fungi that infect keratinous tissue and are able to invade the hair, skin, and nails of a living host

Ergotism

poisoning from food affected by ergot.(grain) Includes claviceps, 

Aspergillus flavus 

• synthesizes a poison called aflatoxin, potentially lethal to animals who eat contaminated grain

chitin

What is the primary component of fungal cell walls?

nuclear envelope

What separates the nucleus from the cell cytoplasm?

Rickettsias

What is the closest relative of mitochondria according to the endosymbiotic theory?

e. coli

Which of the following is an indicator organism used in water safety testing?

Candida albicans 

What is the most common yeast species responsible for candidiasis in humans?

-oportunistic

Cryptococcosis

Which fungal disease is associated with symptoms like pneumonia, meningitis, or skin involvement and can be acquired by inhaling soil contaminated with yeast?

lysosome

• A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules

• work best in acidic environments

Zygospores

Which type of spore formation involves the fusion of hyphae from two different fungal strains to create a diploid zygote?

forensic limnology

The study of freshwater ecology for forensic purposes

water and soil

Where are most free-living protozoa commonly found?

ectoplasm

Which part of a protozoan cell is responsible for locomotion, feeding, and protection?

African Trypanosomiasis

Vector is tsetse fly. 

• Symptoms are drowsiness, insomnia, sleepiness, and a painful nodule at the sight of a fly bite. 

• T. brucei It multiplies in the blood and can infect the CNS. 

• Treatment should be early.

American Trypanosomiasis 

Vector is Triatomine Bugs, aka Kissing Bugs

• Mainly transmitted by the fecal matter of the insect

• Acute phase: Maybe asymptomatic or mild like fever, following remission(no symptoms for many years)

• Chronic: Includes digestive problems and heart failure

• Treatment should be early.

• Found in latin america and has now spread to other continents 

giardia

Causative agent- Giardia Intestinalis. Most frequently diagnosed intestinal parasitic disease in US 

-On surfaces of soil, food, and water that has been contaminated with feces. transmitted By swallowing contaminated water

-Can survive several months in cold water 

- explosive diarrhea, intestinal cramps, nausea, weight loss, malaise. 2-5 loose stools a day  

Toxoplasma gondii

Which protozoan parasite is commonly associated with cat litter boxes and can lead to flu-like symptoms in humans?

contact lens use

What is a common method of transmission for Acanthamoeba keratitis infection?

reproductive

Which organ system is the most developed in pathogenic helminths?

Schistosomiasis

transmitted through Contact with freshwater containing certain infected snails. Parasites penetrates skin and become adult worms

• Symptoms due to reaction to eggs include

  • First, rash or itchy skin; followed by fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches

  • Chronic: abdominal pain, enlarged liver, blood in the stool or blood in the urine, and problems passing urine

ascaris lumbricoides

• a roundworm, is an intestinal parasite of humans. It is the most common human worm infection. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine and can cause intestinal disease.

undercooked pork

How do humans typically become infected with tapeworms such as Taenia solium?

nucleolus

The site for rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly is the __________

cyst

1. Dormant, resting stage of protozoa when conditions in the environment become unfavorable 

2. Resistant to heat, drying, and chemicals

3. Can be dispersed by air currents

4. Important factor in the spread of disease

grain

Claviceps can cause several effects in humans and other animals, such as hallucinations and gangrene. It is usually ingested by contaminated 

lice

Rickettsia prowazekii causitive agent is

Cryptococcus neoformans

• cryptococcus Infection commonly associated with immunosuppressive

• Meningitis and meningoencephalitis 

Histoplasmosis

common name is Ohio valley fever caused by Fungus

• affects the  Lungs 

• found in soil, often associated with bat or bird droppings

dermatophytes

• Microsporum, Epidermophyton and Trichophyton are all examples of ________

Candidiasis

A fungal infection typically on the skin or mucous membranes caused by a yeast  

• Opportunistic pathogen 

• Thrush, vaginal yeast infection,

• Residential flora: Found on skin, mouth, throat, gut, and vagina

penicillium notatum 

What is a common decomposer of citrus fruit known for its velvety texture 

Prototheca

What is the only known algae to infect human tissue

Ophiocordyceps

known as Zombie ant fungus 

• Predominantly in tropical forest ecosystems 

• Other members of Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps also parasitize insects

Aspergillosis

• caused by Aspergillus species, a common mold  

• Allergic reactions, lung infections, and infections in other organs

  • Mainly in immunocompromised individuals 

Amoebic dysentery – Amebiasis

entamoeba histolytica  found in- tropical areas with poor sanitation 

- only lives in humans and passed through feces in contaminated food and water 

• Sexually → oral → anal contact 
  

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

 Naegleria Fowler infects The brain. found in Warm fresh water and soil Through the nose, then it travels to the brain, causing extensive hemorrhage and brain damage

Mortality rate- 97%

Balantidiasis 

• Often associated with swine —> primary reservoir host

• Cysts are the stage responsible for transmission 

Toxoplasmosis

cat litter box disease. Pregnant women and those who have compromised immune systems should be more careful

It is transferred from mother to child while she is pregnant.

Cryptosporidiosis (Crypto) 

• it has a protective outer shell and its tolerant to chlorine disinfection

• transmission- Water

Noteworthy fact about disease in the US- Leading cause of waterborne disease among humans in the United States

Malaria (Plasmodium)

• P. falciparum and P. vivax most threatening 

• Vector: female Anopheles mosquitoes 

• fever, chills and flu like symtoms

Schistosomiasis
 (Bilharzia)

• trematodes

  • Most human infections —> Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, or S. japonicum

• Second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease (CDC)

• Contact with freshwater with certain snails