bio final

Lower chambers of the heart

ventricles

fluid that makes up 55% of the blood

plasma

smallest of the blood vessels, only one cell thick -

capillary

large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body

pulmonary circulation

Upper chamber of the heart that receives blood

atrium

cell fragment in the blood that aids in clotting

platelet

small group of cardiac muscle cells that sets the pace for the heart

pacemaker

blood vessel that carries blood from the body back to the heart

vein

network of vessels that collects and returns the fluids that leak from the circulatory system

lymphatic system

pathway of the circulatory system in which blood travels between the heart and lungs

\-systemic circulation

force of blood on the walls of the arteries

blood pressure

iron-containing protein that enhances the ability of red blood cells to absorb oxygen

hemoglobin

type of blood cell that serves as the oxygen carrier in the blood

red blood cell

blood cell that guards against infection, fights parasites, and attacks bacteria; leukocyte

white blood cell

pathway of the circulatory system in which the left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body

artery

substance produced during clotting that helps to stop the flow of Blood form a wound

fibrin

lap of tissue that prevents the backflow of blood between the atria and the ventricles

valve

The human circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood.

true

Oxygen-rich blood is pumped by the right of the heart through the lungs.

false, oxygen-poor

Blood returning to the heart from systemic circulation is laden with carbon dioxide.

true

Valves in the heart ensure that blood moves through the heart in a two-way direction.

true

In the circulatory system, the exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs in the arteries.

false, capillaries

Red blood cells are produced in the periosteum.

false, they are produced in the bone marrow

main passageway to the lungs

trachea

muscle that controls breathing as it contracts and relaxes

diaphragm

flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea

epiglottis

structure into which air enters after leaving the pharynx

larynx

tube through which air travels from the trachea to the lungs

bronchus

passageway from the mouth and nose to the rest of the respiratory system

trachea

dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

part of the respiratory system where the vocal cords are located

larynx

structure whose common name is the windpipe

trachea

small air passageways found inside the lungs

bronchioles

small air sac that is surrounded by a network of capillaries where gas exchange takes place

alveolus

The function of the respiratory system is to bring about the exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide

After they are inhaled, particles are trapped in the mucus layer that coats much of the respiratory system. Then __________ sweep the particles away from the lungs.

cilia

During inhalation, the diaphragm

contracts

What happens when air enters the alveoli of the lungs?

oxygen from the lungs diffuses into the blood stream, where it binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells and transports to the body's tissues.

Erythrocytes

red blood cells, carry oxygen

it transports nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body. it also maintains blood pressure and pH, and effects blood clotting.

Plasma

Platelets

blood clotting

white blood cells that attack pathogens

Phagocyctes

Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

they fight off certain types of infections, mainly those caused by parasites. they also release chemicals that cause inflammation to respond to allergens.

Eosinophils

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

Basophils

they fight off infections and get rid of dead cells in the body. They are a type of white blood cell that specializes in digesting foreign substances and dead cells.

Monocytes

Which process makes ATP without using oxygen?

anaerobic

What molecule is chemical energy extracted from in cellular respiration?

Glucose

All respiration begins with what first step?

glycolysis

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

How many ATP are needed to split a sugar molecule in two?

2 ATP

An ATP molecule is made out of what?

ADP + P

Carbon dioxide is produced at what stage of Respiration?

Krebs cycle

Aerobic Respiration is capable of making how much ATP for every glucose molecule?

36 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration is capable of making how much ATP for every glucose molecule?

4 ATP

Lactic acid fermentation happens where?

muscles

In which cell organelle does respiration take place?

Mitochondria

NADH and FADH2 carry what from the second to the third stage in respiration?

Electrons and hydrogen

Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules during which phase of respiration?

glycolysis

Which process makes the CO2 bubbles that make bread rise?

Alcoholic fermentation

The Krebs cycle happens in which part of the mitochondrion?

The Matrix

What happens to FAD+ and NAD+ when they drop off their H+?

They go back to the krebs cycle

The chain that transports electrons is made of what kind of molecules?

Proteins

What runs through the ATP synthase to make the ATP in chemiosmosis?

H+ ions

After 20 minutes of elevated heart rate, the body will start to use what to make pyruvic acid?

Lipids

Which atom is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen

Each glucose makes 2 pyruvates, but when metabolizing fat, it will make \_____ pyruvates

9

When you feel muscle fatigue it is because you have run out of \___

NAD+

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

Where do plants initially get their energy?

light

What are the products of photosynthesis?

sugar and oxygen

Which molecule is created in the light reaction and used in the calvin cycle?

ATP

What is made during the second stage of the light reaction?

ATP, NADPH

What is made during the final stage of phoyosynthesis?

glucose

What is the definition of a pigment

a light absorbing molecule

A leaf is red. What color does it reflect?

red

What color of light should you not use to grow apple trees with green leaves?

green

How would more light affect the rate of photosynthesis?

it goes up but then levels off

What is smallest in size? chloroplast, cell, chlorophyll, leaf

chlorophyll

True or false: Only plants can photosynthesize

false

What are ATP and NADPH?

usable chemical energy?

ATP Synthase

makes ATP, uses H+ ion gradient

Light energy is used to

split water

Which enzyme aids in making ATP

ATP synthase

Which type of plant performs photosynthesis at night?

CAM

Where is water split during the light reaction?

PS2

Calvin cycle takes place in the

stroma

What causes stomata to open and close?

water

Trees start as a small seed and grow up to 400 ft tall. Where does the extra mass come from?

CO2

How does water go from the ground to the roots?

Osmosis

How do the H+ pass from the lumen through ATP synthase into the Stroma?

Facilitated diffusion

To create the H+ gradient, H+ are pumped from the stroma into the lumen by

active transport

CO2 enters the stomata in the leaves via

Diffusion

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O \------\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

What is a lipids polymer?

triglycerides/ phospholipids

What is lipids monomer?

fatty acids

What is lipids atoms?

C, H, O

What is a lipids function?

long term energy storage and organ insulation

What is a lipids shape?

Long H/C tails