Exam 3 enzymes

Kinase

Uses ATP to add phosphate

Phosphorylase

Adds phosphate, no ATP

Phosphatase

Removes a phosphate, does not make ATP

Dehydrogenase

Removes protons, participates in redox reactions

Hydroxylase

Adds a hydroxyl group to something

Carboxylase

Adds a carboxylic acid to something

Mutase

An isomerase

Synthase

Joins two molecules together, does not use ATP

Synthetase

Joins two molecules together, uses ATP

Define metabolism

metabolism is the process through which we acquire and utilize free energy

What is the goal of glycolysis?

• break down glucose

• generate small amount of ATP

• generate reduced electron carries for the electron transport chain

• produce a product that can enter the TCA cycle

Where does the Kreb cycle occur?

in the mitochondria

Where does Glycolysis occur?

in the cytoplasm

What is the sodium transport of glucose?

Active transport

Glycolysis:

Stage 1, Step 1 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Glucose

Enzyme: Hexokinase

Product: Glucose-6-phosphate

Glycolysis:

Stage 1, Step 2 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Glucose-6-phosphate

Enzyme: Phosphoglucose isomerase

Product: Fructose-6-phosphate

Glycolysis:

Stage 1, Step 3 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Fructose-6-phosphate

Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase

Product: Fructose-1,6-phosphate

Glycolysis:

Stage 1, Step 4 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Fructose-1,6-phosphate

Enzyme: Aldolase

Product: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glycolysis:

Stage 1, Step 5 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Enzyme: Triose Phosphate Isomerase

Product: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)

*remember we can go “forwards” or “backwards” GAP ← → DHAP

Glycolysis:

Stage 2, Step 6 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Enzyme: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Product: 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Glycolysis:

Stage 2, Step 7 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: 1,3- Bisphosphoglycerate (and ADP!)

Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate kinase

Product: 3-phosphoglycerate

Glycolysis:

Stage 2, Step 8 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: 3-phosphoglycerate

Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate mutase

Product: 2-phosphoglycerate

Glycolysis:

Stage 2, Step 9 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: 2-phosphoglycerate

Enzyme: Enolase

Product: Phosphoenolpyruvate

Glycolysis:

Stage 2, Step 10 Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Phosphoenolpyruvate

Enzyme: Pyruvate kinase

Product: Pyruvate

Homolactic fermentation:

Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Pyruvate

Enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Product: Lactate (and NAD+!)

Pyruvate conversion to Acetyl-CoA

Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Pyruvate

Enzyme: Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) & dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)

Product: Acetyl-CoA

Citric acid cycle reaction 1- Citrate formation by citrate synthase

Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Oxaloacetate (4 carbons) + Acetyl-CoA (2 carbons)

Enzyme: Citrate synthase

Product: Citrate (6 cacrbons)

Citric acid cycle reaction 3- Cleaving a carbon! Decarboxylation of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase

Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Isocitrate

Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Product: Alpha-ketoglutarate (+NADH)

Citric acid cycle reaction 8- Formation of oxaloacetate from malate by malate dehydrogenase

Substrate/Enzyme/Product summary

Substrate: Malate

Enzyme: Malate dehydrogenase

Product: Oxaloacetate

Chylomicrons

Transport exogenous dietary TAGS and cholesterol from the intestines to the tissues

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Pick up cholesterol accumulating in tissues and transport to the liver

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL)

A group of related particles that transport endogenous TAGS and cholesterol from the liver to the tissues