Unit 2.1 - Perception

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29 Terms

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Bottom-up processing

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information (sensation first)

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Top-down processing

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations (experience first)

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Expectations

Through experience, we come to expect certain results. Those expectations may give us a perceptual set

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Perceptual set

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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Context

External factors can impact how we perceive information

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Motivation

Like research bias, we can see what we want to see

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Emotion

Our feelings at the time can alter what we experience

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Gestalt

A German word meaning a “form” or a “whole”

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Proximity

Group objects that are close together as being part of the same group

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Similarity

Objects similar in appearance are perceived as being part of the same group

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Continuity

Objects that form a continuous shape are perceived as the same group

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Connectedness

Elements tend to be grouped together if they are connected by other elements and viewed as a single unit

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Closure

Like top-down processing, we fill gaps in if we can recognize it

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Figure-ground

The organization of the visual field into object (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the background)

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Selective awareness

Focusing our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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Cocktail-party effect

Refers to the ability to focus one’s attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli

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Inattentional blindness

Failing to see visible objects when your attention is focused elsewhere

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Change blindness

Failing to notice changed in the environment

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Depth Perception

Our ability to estimate an object’s distance from us

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Monocular cue

A depth cue that is available to either eye

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Types of monocular cue

Linear Perspective, Interposition, Relative Size, Relative Height, Relative Clarity, Light/Shadow

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Binocular cue

A depth cue that depends on the use of two eyes

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Retinal disparity

A binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing the retinal images from each eye and computing the distance between two images — the greater the difference between each image, the closer the object is

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Perceptual constancy

The ability to perceive objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change

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Object maintain the same-

Color, Shape, Size, and Brightness

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Perceptual adaptation

In the event your perception is altered for any reason, your brain will work to overcome this shift using previous memories so you can continue to function normally

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Stroboscopic Effect

A rapid series of slightly varying images perceived as moving images

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Phi Phenomenon

Illusion of movement created when two or more lights next to each other blink on and off

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Autokinetic Effect

Perceptual phenomenon where a stationary point of light appears to move in a dark environment due to small eye movements