IB HOA Final Units 4-6

Reconstruction

Period after Civil War to rebuild and reunite the U.S.

Presidential Reconstruction

Lenient plan by Lincoln/Johnson to quickly readmit Southern states.

Radical Reconstruction

Harsher approach led by Congress; protected rights of freedmen.

Opportunities for African Americans

Gained rights, education, and political office during Reconstruction.

Blocks to accessing freedom

Black Codes, violence, and discrimination limited progress.

Dismantlement of Reconstruction

Ended with Compromise of 1877; federal troops withdrawn.

Radical Republicans

Congressmen who pushed for equal rights and harsh South policies.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Aid agency to help freed slaves with food, education, and jobs.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the U.S.

14th Amendment

Gave citizenship and equal protection to former slaves.

15th Amendment

Gave Black men the right to vote.

Enforcement Act

Laws to stop KKK and protect Black voters.

Civil Rights Acts

Gave equal rights regardless of race.

Ku Klux Klan

Terrorist group targeting Black people and supporters.

Tuskegee Institute

Black college founded by Booker T. Washington to promote vocational education.

Freedmen

Newly freed Black men and women after Civil War.

Bureau

Government agency like Freedmen’s Bureau to help freedmen.

Military occupation

U.S. troops stationed in South to enforce Reconstruction.

Lynching

Illegal mob killings, often targeting Black people.

Black codes

Laws restricting rights of African Americans in the South.

Martial law

Military control of an area, used during Reconstruction.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South for profit or to help rebuild.

Disenfranchisement

Denial of voting rights, often using literacy tests or poll taxes.

Sharecropping

System where freedmen farmed land in return for a share of the crops.

Tenant farming

Farming land for rent; often trapped poor farmers in debt.

President Johnson

Took over after Lincoln; clashed with Congress over Reconstruction.

President Grant

Fought KKK, supported Reconstruction and Black rights.

President Hayes

Ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops (Compromise of 1877).

Booker T. Washington

Advocated vocational education and slow equality.

Charles Sumner

Leading Radical Republican who pushed for racial equality.

Thaddeus Stevens

Radical Republican who wanted full rights for freedmen.

W.E.B. Dubois

Advocated immediate equality and co-founded NAACP.

Gilded Age

Period of rapid industrial growth and wealth gap in the late 1800s.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie's idea that rich should give back to society.

Progressivism

Movement to fix problems from industrialization and corruption.

Prohibition

Ban on alcohol; aimed to improve society and morals.

Social Darwinism

Belief that only the strong survive in business and society.

Pure Food & Drug Act

Law requiring truthful labeling and safe food/drugs.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Factory fire that led to safety reform laws.

Eugene v. Debs

Labor leader; ran for president as a socialist.

Antitrust Act

Law to break up monopolies and restore competition.

monopoly

Complete control of a product or service by one company.

labor union

Group that fights for workers’ rights and better conditions.

blacklist

List of workers banned from jobs for union activity.

picketing

Protesting outside workplace to support labor demands.

industrialization

Growth of factories, machines, and mass production.

laissez faire

Economic policy with little to no government interference.

capitalism

System based on private ownership and profit.

xenophobia

Fear or hatred of foreigners or immigrants.

political machine

Corrupt groups controlling city politics and votes.

philanthropy

Giving money to help causes, often by the wealthy.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who exposed meatpacking horrors in "The Jungle."

Henry Ford

Made cars affordable using assembly lines.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who exposed Rockefeller’s oil monopoly.

JP Morgan

Banking giant who financed big industry and railroads.

Jacob Riis

Photographer who showed slum life in "How the Other Half Lives."

John D. Rockefeller

Founded Standard Oil; controlled much of the oil industry.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist who pushed for pride and return to Africa.

Samuel Gompers

Union leader who founded the AFL.

Boss Tweed

Leader of NYC’s corrupt Tammany Hall political machine.

Susan B. Anthony

Fought for women’s suffrage and equal rights.

Age of Imperialism

Period when the U.S. gained overseas territories and power.

Motives for United States expansionism

Economic gain, military strength, and spreading culture.

Methods used by US to acquire territories

War, purchases, treaties, and annexation.

Causes & effects of Spanish American War

Cuban independence fight; U.S. gained territories.

Foreign policy of Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson

Roosevelt = Big Stick, Taft = Dollar, Wilson = Moral diplomacy.

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreigner uprising in China; suppressed by U.S. and allies.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Ended Russo-Japanese War; negotiated by Roosevelt.

Anti-Imperial League

Opposed U.S. expansion; said it violated democracy.

USS Maine

U.S. ship that exploded in Cuba; sparked war with Spain.

Filipino-American War

U.S. vs. Filipino independence fighters after Spanish-American War.

Spanish-American War

1898 war; U.S. defeated Spain and gained territories.

Mexican Revolution

U.S. intervened during turmoil; tensions with Pancho Villa.

Open Door Notes

U.S. policy for equal trade in China.

Great White Fleet

U.S. navy world tour to show power.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. warning for Europe to stay out of Americas.

annexation

Taking control of a territory and adding it to a country.

imperialism

Stronger nation dominating weaker ones politically or economically.

corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine allowing U.S. intervention.

fleet

Large group of ships, often military.

protectorate

Country controlled and protected by a stronger power.

sphere of influence

Area where a foreign nation has control over trade.

yellow journalism

Exaggerated news to stir emotions and sell papers.

diplomacy

Managing international relations between nations.

missionary

Person spreading religion, often during imperialism.

unequal treaties

Forced agreements favoring stronger nations over weaker ones.

Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper owner known for sensationalism.

Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaiian queen overthrown by U.S.-backed forces.

Teddy Roosevelt

President known for imperialism and Panama Canal.

William Taft

Promoted Dollar Diplomacy; U.S. business abroad.