CJ Exam 2 Multiple Choice

What is The Panopticon

Developed by Bentham, circular prison that maximizes control of prisoner with minimal staff, gives the illusion of being watched at all times

What is the Inquisitorial System?

Accused person was considered guilty until proven innocent, innocence would be determined by some form of divine intervention

What is the Adversary System?

Reflected in American judicial process, the accused person is presumed to be innocent and the burden of proof is placed on the court, the judge is an impartial arbiter or referee between adversaries - the prosecution and the defense

What is due process of law?

Asserts the fundamental principles of justice and implies that laws be administered in a way that do not violate rights, 5th and 14th amendments

What is procedural due process?

A provision in the Constitution that states that a law must be carried out in a fair and orderly manner

What is substantive due process?

The Constitutional requirement that laws used in accusing and convicting persons of crimes must be fair

What three aspects of the CJ system are set up to manage crime and those accused of violating the law?

Police, courts, corrections

What are pre-arrest investigations?

Before someone can be arrested, there must be some level of investigation

What is an arrest?

Occurs when a person is taken into custody for the purpose of charging him or her with a crime

What is booking?

Name, address, time/place of arrest, arrest charge, fingerprints, photograph are entered into police log

What is the initial appearance?

Meet with the judge to hear formal charges, bail, release on recognizance

What is preliminary hearing?

Due to court backup, may waive initial appearance and go straight to preliminary hearing

What is the determination of formal charges?

Indictment by a grand jury, information drafted by prosecuting attorney is brought to the judge

What are the arraignments?

Not guilty, guilty, ‘no contest,’ standing mute

What is sentencing?

After conviction or a guilty plea, the defendant is brought before a judge for sentencing, presentence investigation, sentencing guidelines

What is appeals and release?

Time was served, released on parole

What is the process of the criminal justice system?

Prearrest investigations, arrest, booking, initial appearance, preliminary hearing, determination of formal charges, arraignment, the trial process, sentencing, appeals and release

What is the core principle of Peelian?

Primary mission of the police is the prevention of crime and disorder, rather than simply responding to the crime after it occurs

What are the four main Peelian Principles?

Crime prevention over repression, public legitimacy and trust, impartial enforcement, minimal use of force

What US city was the first to have a police department in 1835?

Boston

What US city set the foundation for the modern police department in 1844?

New York

When did the Political Era of policing occur?

1840 - 1930

What are other names for the Political Era of policing?

Patronage system or ‘spoils’ system

What are the hallmarks of the Political Era of policing?

Bribery and political corruption

When did the Reform Era of policing occur?

1930 - 1980

What happened during the Reform Era of policing?

Increased police professionalism - August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson, administrative reforms, addressing turmoil in the 1960s

When did the Community Era of policing occur?

1980 - today

What happened during the Community Era of policing?

Emphasis on good police-community relationships, proactive police efforts as opposed to traditional reactive approaches

What are the four basic responsibilities of police?

Enforcing laws, providing services, preventing crime, preserving the peace

What is Michael Lipsky’s theory?

Street-level bureaucracy, organizational theory of how public policy is enacted on a day-to-day basis

What are the 3 aspects of a street-level bureaucrat?

SLB is called upon to interact with citizens in the regular course of their job, their independence is fairly extensive, the potential impact on citizens with whom the SLB deals is extensive

What are the adverse working conditions in Lipsky’s causal model?

High workload, inadequate resources, unclear policy goals and performance measures, uneasy relationships with clients and supervisors

What are behavior adaptations in Lipsky’s causal model?

Ration services, manage consequences, control clients, routines and simplifications

What are attitudinal adaptations in Lipsky’s causal model?

Modify conceptions of work, modify conceptions of clients

What is street-level bureaucracy characterized by?

Discretionary decision-making, adverse working conditions, behavioral/attitudinal adaptations, policy in books vs policy in action