Exam 2 - chapter 25 ENERGY PRODUCTION IN CELL

ATP —> ADP + P + free energy from food , this is a ____ reaction

anabolism

food energy + ADP + P ——> ATP, this is a ____ reaction

catabolism

_____ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body (catabolism and anabolism)

metabolism

_____ is the removal of electrons

oxidation

_____ is the addition of electrons

reduction

_____ ___ ______ occurs when a high energy phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP, forming ATP

substrate level phosphorylation

_____ ______ occurs when electrons are transferred from an organic compound to a cofactor carrier molecule.

oxidative phosphorylation

during oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through the electron transport chain, to oxygen as a final acceptor. This passing of electrons releases energy that is harvested to add a phosphate to ADP in a process called _____

chemiosmosis

______ are the primary source of cellular energy for most organisms

carbohydrates

____ ______ requires oxygen to serve as the final electron acceptor in a series of redox reactions that generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

cellular respiration

_____ _____ is the most efficient method of ATP production (1 glucose generates 36 ATP)

cellular respiration

____ ____ occurs in the mitochondria

cellular respiration

____ requires an organic molecule to serve at the final electron acceptor and is done in the absence of oxygen, and produces lactic acid

fermentation

____ occurs in the cytoplasm

fermentation

during ______, ATP is synthesized using substrate level phosphorylation (1 glucose generates 2 ATP)

fermentation

aerobic respiration of glucose is also called ____ _____

cellular respiration

_____ is the first step of cellular respiration

glycolysis

_____ is the oxidation of 1 glucose to 2 pyruvic acid, generating 2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

glycolysis

glycolysis is an _____ process

anaerobic

glycolysis occurs in the ____

cytoplasm

1 glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 P —→ 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 ATP, this is _____

glycolysis

in the _____ stage of glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate one 6 carbon glucose and catabolize it into two 3 carbon molecules

preparatory

in the _____ ______ stage of glycolysis, two 3 carbon molecules are oxidized to generate two 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecules. 2 NAD molecules are also reduced to two NADH molecules and 4 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

energy conservation

____ is the 2nd stage of cellular respiration

decarboxylation

decarboxylation occurs in the ____ ____

mitochondria matrix

______ is the first step in the aerobic process of glucose metabolism and will only occur when oxygen is available

decarboxylation

2 pyruvic acid + 2 NAD + 2 CoA —→ 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH, this is ____

decarboxylation

the citric acid cycle occurs in the _____ _____

mitochondria matrix

acetyl + oxaloacetic acid = ____ ____

citric acid

2 Acetyl CoA + 6 NAD + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 P + 4 H2O —> 2 CoA + 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 4 H + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP, this is the ____ ____

citric acid cycle

the ____ ____ ___ has 3 classes of carrier molecules in the cristae membrane

electron transport chain

protein + flavin coenzyme = ____

FMN

nonprotein = ____ ___

coenzyme Q

protein + an iron group (most common) = ____

cytochromes

the electron transport chain occurs on the ____

crsitae

on the ____ _____ _____, NAD and FAD collect energy in the forms of hydrogen atoms and become reduced forms of NADH and FADH2. These are then oxidized and pass hydrogen atoms. The electrons are later accepted by oxygen creating an anion.

electron transport chain

_____ generates ATP, H from the outside moves toward O on the inside through special membrane channels that are coupled to ATP synthase

chemiosmosis

in the last step of the ____ ____ ____, H combines with O inside the mitochondria creating water

electron transport chain

2 NADH from glycolysis + 2 NADH from decarboxylation + 6 NADH from citric acid cycle + 2 FADH2 from citric acid cycle + 6 O2 +32 ADP +32 P —> 12 H2O + 32 ATP + 10 NAD + 2 FAD, this is the ____ ____ ____

electron transport chain

lipolysis is also known as ____ ____

lipid catabolism

the process of ____ _____ hydrolyzes triglycerides into glycerol and 3 fatty acids. They are then catabolized by beta-oxidation in the mitochondria. For each 2 carbon fragments of fatty acid produced by beta-oxidation, the cell can generate 17 molecules of ATP

lipid catabolism

for amino acids to be used in the Citric Acid Cycle they must first have the amino group NH2 removed in a process called ____, which requires vitamin B6. Once the amino groups is removed, ammonia NH3 is created. Ammonia is then converted to urea and is excreted by the kidney.

deamination

DNA is ____ catabolized for energy

never

during ___ ___ _____, RNA can be broken down into simple sugars and nitrogenous bases. Pyrimidne bases (uracil and cytosine) can be processed into the citric acid cycle. the purines (adenine and guanine) are excreted as uric acid. No energy is produced.

nucleic acid catabolism