Studied by 1 person
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of how a drug moves around the body.
Pharmacodynamics
The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
Absorption
The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream.
Bioavailability
The portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action.
Routes of Administration
The different ways in which drugs can be taken into the body.
Oral administration
Drugs taken by swallowing and absorbed by the stomach or intestines.
Injection
The process of introducing a drug into the body using a needle and syringe.
Subcutaneous injection
Injecting drugs under the skin.
Intramuscular injection
Injecting drugs within the muscle.
Intravenous injection
Injecting drugs directly into the veins and bloodstream.
Inhalation
Absorbing drugs through the lung's membranes.
Intranasal
Taking drugs in powdered form through the nose and absorbed by mucous membranes.
Sublingual
Placing drugs under the tongue to dissolve and be absorbed by an artery.
Drug Distribution
The process by which drugs are absorbed into the blood and distributed to their site(s) of action.
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
A highly selective membrane that prevents substances from entering the extracellular space in the brain.
Drug Elimination
The process of removing drugs from the body through excretion or metabolism.
First-pass metabolism
The filtering of drugs by the liver before entering general circulation.
Dose-Effect Curve
A graphical representation of the relationship between drug dose and the size of an effect.
Effective dose (ED)
The dose at which a given percentage of individuals show a particular effect of a drug.
Lethal dose (LD)
The dose of a drug at which a given percentage of individuals die.
Therapeutic Index
A measure of drug safety calculated as LD50/ED50.
Drug Potency
The minimum effective dose of a drug.
Drug Efficacy
The effectiveness of a drug at producing a desired effect.
Tolerance
Reduced response to a drug after repeated administrations.
Cross-tolerance
Tolerance to a drug that results from tolerance to another drug or drugs.
Metabolic Tolerance
An increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug as a result of its regular use.
Functional Tolerance
Decreased behavioral effects of a drug as a result of its regular use.
Acute Tolerance
A type of functional tolerance that occurs within a course of action of a single drug dose.
Functional Tolerance
Drug effects may be greater during absorption than elimination, even though the blood concentration is the same.
Mechanisms of Functional Tolerance
Tolerance results from cellular processes in the body that attempt to compensate for the presence of the drug, an attempt to maintain homeostasis.
Regulation of receptors
Changes in the number of receptors that a drug is binding to or influencing.
Classical Conditioning
A learned association between a previously neutral stimulus after it has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
The drug is the unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Response
Drug effects are the unconditioned response (salivation, drooling, vomiting).
Conditioned Stimulus
The stimuli that precedes the drug are the conditioned stimulus (tone, preparations for injection).
Conditioned Response
After multiple pairings, salivation and nausea become the conditioned response.
Compensatory Responses
Physiological responses that are opposite to the effect of the drug.
Compensatory Conditioned Response
The drug-predictive environmental conditioned stimulus comes to elicit conditioned responses that are opposite to the effects of the drug.
Classical Conditioning & Drug Tolerance
Tolerance that is maximally expressed in the presence of drug-predictive stimuli (environmental cues).
Operant Conditioning
Learning that is controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior.
Self-administration Paradigm
When lever is pressed, drug dosage is delivered orally or through an infusion pump.
Rate of Responding
Measurement of the reinforcement value of drugs.
Reinforcement Value
Greater rates of responding indicate greater reinforcement value.
Drug Dependence
The rate of self-administration is an indication of a drug's potential for abuse.
Positive Reinforcement
Pleasurable effects of drugs are positive reinforcers.
Negative Reinforcement
Taking drugs to avoid withdrawal
Punishment
Consequences that deter drug use, but are less effective due to the temporal relationship between reinforcement and punishment.
Routes of Administration
Different ways drugs can be administered into the body.
Absorption and Distribution
How the route of administration impacts the absorption and distribution of drugs.
Lipid Solubility
A factor that affects the absorption and distribution of drugs.
Blood-Brain Barrier
A barrier that regulates the passage of substances from the blood into the brain.
Dose-Response Curve
A graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and the response it produces.
Effective Dose
The dose of a drug that produces the desired effect.
Lethal Dose
The dose of a drug that causes death.
Therapeutic Index
The ratio of the lethal dose to the effective dose.
Drug Potency
The amount of drug required to produce a specific effect.
Note
Flashcard