🩵 Crude Oil and Fractional Distillation

Fractionating Column

A tall cylindrical tower used in fractional distillation to collect condensed liquids from different boiling points.

Larger Hydrocarbons

Components of crude oil with higher boiling points that condense near the bottom of the fractionating column.

Smaller Hydrocarbons

Components of crude oil with lower boiling points that remain as gases and rise up the fractionating column.

Condensation

The process of converting vaporized hydrocarbons into liquid fractions through cooling.

Lubricating Oil

A residue fraction obtained after more volatile fractions boil off during fractional distillation, used for lubrication purposes.

Bitumen

A residue fraction obtained after more volatile fractions boil off during fractional distillation, used for road construction and roofing.

Fuel Oil

A residue fraction obtained after more volatile fractions boil off during fractional distillation, used as fuel for ships and power plants.

Auto Ignition

The early explosion of the petrol-air mixture in a car's cylinder, causing knocking and potential engine damage.

Knocking

The loss of power and metallic noise caused by auto ignition in a car's engine.

"Real"

Refinery gas, C1-C4. Used for domestic gas fuel.

"Never"

Naphtha. C7-C10. Plastics and synthetic fibres.

"Kick"

Kerosene. C10-C14. Stove fuel.

"Dirty"

Diesel oil. Fuel in fire engines. C14-C19.

"Little"

Lubricating oil. C10-C35. Reduces wear of engines.

"f***ing"

Fuel oil. C30-C40. Power stations.

Bitches

Bitumen. C35<. Roofing and road surfacing.

Ways to prevent knocking/increase octane number

Isomerisation
Catalytic cracking
Adding oxygenates
DEHYDROCYCLISATION

heat of reaction

Heat change that occurs when a reaction takes place according to a given balanced chemical equation.

Kilogram calorific value

The heat energy produced when 1kg of the fuel is completely burned in oxygen

bond energy

the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms

Heat of neutralisation

The heat change when one mole of H+ ions from an acid reacts with one mole of OH- ions from a base to give h2o

Heat of formation

The heat change that takes place when one mole of a compound in its standard state is formed from its elements in their standard states

what causes a high octane number

Short chain or cyclic

name to components of LPG

Propane and butane

What is catalytic cracking?

Crack long chain hydrocarbons into smaller molecules using a catalyst

What is isomerization?

rearrangement of atoms to form isomers

What does LPG stand for?

Liquid Petroleum Gas

Crude Oil

A fossil fuel formed from the decay of sea creatures over millions of years.

Natural Gas

A mixture that is formed along with crude oil and can be separated through fractional distillation.

Fractional Distillation

The process of separating crude oil into useful mixtures based on their boiling points.

Useful Mixtures

Individual fractions obtained through fractional distillation of crude oil that have practical applications.

Trays

Structures in the fractionating column that aid in collecting condensed liquids from different boiling points.

Mercaptens

Sulfur compounds added to odorless gases to detect gas leaks.

Octane Number

a figure indicating the anti-knock properties of a fuel, based on a comparison with a mixture of isooctane and heptane.

"People"

Petrol. C5-C10. Car fuel.

acronym for fractional distillation

Real people never kick dirty little ****ing bitches

Exothermic

Releases heat, negative delta H number.

Endothermic

Absorbs heat, positive delta H number

heat of combustion

the heat of reaction for the complete burning of one mole of a substance

Hess's Law

if a chemical reaction takes place in a number of stages, the sum of the heat changes in the separate stages is equal to the heat change if the reaction is carried out in one stage

What does LPG stand for?

Liquefied petroleum gas