2.3 - Carbohydrates Practice test

What percentage of daily energy should come from carbohydrates?

55–65%

How many calories per gram do carbohydrates provide?

4

Which elements make up carbohydrates?

C, H, O

What are the two main categories of carbohydrates?

Simple and complex

Which carbohydrate type provides texture instead of sweetness?

Polysaccharides

What is the simplest form of carbohydrate?

Monosaccharide

What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?

Lingual amylase

Where does most carbohydrate digestion occur?

Small intestine

What is the final product of carbohydrate digestion?

Monosaccharides

What is the main carbohydrate-digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas?

α-amylase

What is the most important monosaccharide for energy? A) Fructose B) Glucose ✅ C) Galactose D) Mannose

Glucose

How many ATP does one glucose molecule produce under aerobic conditions?

36-38

How many ATP are produced from glucose under anaerobic conditions?

2

Which sugar is 1.73× sweeter than sucrose?

Fructose

What disaccharide is table sugar?

Sucrose

Which monosaccharides make up sucrose?

Glucose + Fructose

Which disaccharide is found in milk?

Lactose

What enzyme breaks down lactose?

Lactase

What condition results from lack of lactase?

Lactose intolerance

Which groups have the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?

Asian Americans

What are polysaccharides made of?

monosaccharides

What are the two main polymers of starch?

Amylose and amylopectin

What process occurs when starch absorbs water and swells with heat?

Gelatinization

What happens when starch gels cool or freeze too slowly?

Retrogradation

What is glycogen?

Animal starch; energy storage form of glucose

Where is glycogen mainly stored?

Liver and muscle

What causes rigor mortis in meat?

Lactic acid buildup from anaerobic metabolism

What is dietary fiber?

Indigestible plant material

What type of fiber increases fecal bulk and reduces colon cancer risk?

Insoluble Fiber

What type of fiber may lower cholesterol by binding bile acids?

Soluble Fiber

What are pectins and gums primarily used for in foods?

Thickeners and stabilizers

Where does pectin come from?

Citrus peels and apple pomace

Which type of gum is derived from brown seaweed?

Alginates

Which gum comes from red seaweed?

Agar-agar

What is the source of locust bean gum?

Carob tree seeds

Which gum is eight times stronger than cornstarch as a thickener?

Guar gum

What is gum arabic also known as?

Gum acacia

Which gum is produced by microbial fermentation?

Xanthan gum

What is one function of xanthan gum in food?

Stabilizer and thickener

Which gum property helps in freeze/thaw stability?

Hygroscopic and cold-water soluble

Which macronutrient provides 9 cal/g?

Fat

How many calories per gram does alcohol provide?

7